Diferencia entre revisiones de «Nina Kulagina»

}}'''Nina Sergeyevna Kulagina''', (en [[Idioma ruso|ruso]]: Нине́ль Серге́евна Кула́гина, ''Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina'') (aka Nelya Mikhailova) (30 de julio de 1926 &#x2013; abril de 1990) fue una mujer que afirmó tener [[poderes psíquicos]], particularmente en la [[Telequinesis|telekinesistelequinesis]]. La investigación académica de su fenómeno fue manejada por la [[Unión Soviética|URSS]], durante los últimos 20 años de su vida. Se sospecha de que Kulagina hacía uso de imanes e hilos ocultos para llevar a cabos sus hazañas. Fue sorprendiasorprendía haciendo trampa en más de una vez, por los autores británicos Joel Levan y Mike Dash<ref>[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dash Dash, Mike]. (1997). ''Borderlands''. William Heinemann Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0434003358}} "The Russian psychic Ninel Kulagina, who in the 1960s, produced effects very similar to those of Tomczyk - moving a salt cellar and levitating a table tennis ball - was eventually caught by Soviet parapsychologists using concealed magnets and invisible thread to effect her tricks."</ref> y por el escritor científico estadounidense [[Martin Gardner|Martin Gardner.]] En 1987, Kulagina demandó y ganó una victoria parcial en un caso de difamación contra una revista del gobierno soviético, que la había acusado de fraude.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. H. H.|last=Chughtai|author2=S. G. Abbas|title=Life|publisher=Majlis-e-Milli|year=1980|page=190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Ebon|title=Psychic warfare: Threat Or Illusion?|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1983|isbn=0-07-018860-2|page=70}}</ref><ref name="Planer 1980">Planer, Felix (1980). ''Superstition''. Cassell. pp. 230-234. {{ISBN|0-304-30691-6}}</ref><ref>Levy, Joel. (2002). ''K.I.S.S Guide to the Unexplained''. DK Publishing. p. 44. {{ISBN|978-0789489418}} "Tricks were employed by Russian housewife and psychic Ninel Kulagina, who was caught using invisible thread to lift tennis balls and hidden magnets to move saltshakers."</ref><ref name="Kravitz 1977">Kravitz, Jerome; Hillabrant, Walter. (1977). ''The Future is Now: Readings in Introductory Psychology''. F. E. Peacock Publishers. p. 301. {{ISBN|0875812155}} Quoting Martin Gardner: "Ninel has been caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepticsociety.ru/kulagina_faq/|title=The Phenomenon of Ninel Kulagina: Questions and Answers|date=May 6, 2016|website=skepticsociety.ru|publisher=Skeptic Society (Russia)|accessdate=June 20, 2016|quote=[English translation from Russian original] In 1987, Kulagina sued the magazine "Man and Law" for libel. This legal action was really won by her. [...] The conclusion of the court also says nothing about the fact that Kulagina's presence of anomalous abilities is confirmed. In particular, the following is said: ''"The assertion of the defendant and co-defendant that the plaintiff does not have unusual abilities, and this is a scam and fraud, is not confirmed by any evidence. Since this phenomenon has not been studied, they are currently engaged in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the court considers that in this part of the information is defamatory."'' In other words, we are talking only about the fact that the journalists had no direct evidence that Kulagina was a fraud, and therefore their statements were slanderous. That is, the argument is half-truth - Kulagina really won the court against journalists, but the court did not prove the presence of her paranormal abilities.}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fskepticsociety.ru%2Fkulagina_faq%2F&edit-text=&act=url English translation of web page]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.randi.org/k---encyclopedia-of-claims.html|title=Encyclopedia of Claims: Kulagina, Nina|last=Randi|first=James|date=1995|website=randi.org|publisher=James Randi Educational Foundation|accessdate=June 20, 2017|quote=When the newspaper Pravda [sic] declared her to be a trickster, she sued the editors and won, largely on the basis of testimony given by Soviet parapsychologists.}}</ref>

Kulagina craíacreía que sus poderes habían sido heredados de su madre, y que reconoció su capacidad, cuando se percató de que los objetos se movían de forma espontanea a su alrededor cuando estaba enojada.<ref>{{cite book|first=Margaret M.|last=Bowater|author2=Diane Stein|title=All Women Are Psychics: Language of the Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0DvlbswtXgC&pg=RA1-PA127&dq=%22Nelya+Mikhailova%22&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U0JgbR944TBw6CaB1cAr1p0sArTbA#PRA1-PA126,M1|publisher=The Crossing Press|year=1999|isbn=0-89594-979-2|page=126}}</ref> Kulagina dijo que para manifestar el efecto, necesitaba un periodo de [[meditación]] para despejar su mente de todos los pensamientos. Cuándo obtenía el enfoque necesario, informaba de un dolor agudo en su [[columna vertebral]] y que su visión de mostraba borrosa. Según se dice, las [[Tormenta|tormentas]] interfirieron con su capacidad de realizar actos psicokinéticospsicoquinéticos.

Muchas personas y organizaciones, como la [[Fundación Educativa James Randi]] y el Comité Italiano para la Investigación de Declaraciones Paranormales (CICAP) expresaron su escepticismo ante las afirmaciones de psicokinéticaspsicokquinéticas de Kulagina. Massimo Polidoro ha escrito que los largos períodos de preparación y los entornos descontrolados (como las habitaciones de hotel) en donde se realizaban los experimentos con Kulagina, dejaban mucho potencial para que todo fuese un engaño.<ref name="Polidoro2000">{{cite web|first=Massimo|last=Polidoro|authorlink=Massimo Polidoro|url=http://www.cicap.org/en_artic/at101003.htm|title=Secrets of a Russian Psychic|publisher=[[CICAP]]|date=December 12, 2000|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}</ref> Los magos y los escépticos han argumentado que las habilidades de Kulaginaa podrían ser ejecutadas facilmentefácilmente por alguien que experimentado en los juegos de manos, a través de medios como hilos ocultos o disfrazados, piezas pequeñas de metal [[Magnetismo|magnético]], o espejos y la URSS durante la Guerra Fría tenía un motivo obvio para falsificar o exagerar los resultados en el valor de [[propaganda]] potencial para ganarle a Estados Unidos en la "Carrera Psi", análoga a la [[Carrera espacial]] o a las [[carrera armamentista]].<ref>[http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Kulagina,%20Nina.html Kulagina, Nina] in ''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural''. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation James Randi Educational Foundation].</ref><ref>Couttie, Bob (1988). ''Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox''. Lutterworth Press. p. 141. {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2686-4}} "A piece of thread can be stretched between the hands and used to move objects across smooth tables. If, like the famous Russian psychic, Nina Kulagina, one works on a lighted table even a heavy thread will be lost in the glare, especially on film and photographs."</ref><ref>[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Stein Stein, Gordon] (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 384. {{ISBN|978-1573920216}} "Nina Kulagina, Geller's Russian counterpart, used invisible thread to move matches across a table and to float Ping-Pong balls. The thread was manipulated by her husband in a side room. Any magician present would have recognized the method at once and simply passed a hand through the space where the thread went before Nina's husband could draw it out of the room."</ref>