Diferencia entre revisiones de «Escalas de dureza»
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[[Archivo:Corindon structure cristalline.svg|thumb|Estructura cristalina del [[corindón]].]]
<span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">== Escala de Mohs == La '''escala de Mohs''' es una relación de diez minerales ordenados por su [[dureza]], de menor a mayor.</span> == Mohs scale == The '' 'scale of Mohs' '' is a list of ten minerals ordered by their [[hardness]], from least to greatest.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se utiliza como referencia de la dureza de un material dado.</span> It is used as a reference for the hardness of a given material.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Fue propuesta por el geólogo alemán [[Friedrich Mohs]] en 1825 y se basa en el principio de que una sustancia cualquiera puede rayar a otras más blandas, sin que suceda lo contrario.</span> It was proposed by the German geologist [[Friedrich Mohs]] in 1825 and is based on the principle that any one substance can scratch softer ones, without the opposite happening.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Mohs eligió diez [[mineral]]es, a los que asignó un determinado número equiparable a su grado de dureza, estableciendo así una escala creciente.</span> Mohs chose ten [[mineral]] is, to which assigned a certain number comparable to its degree of hardness, thus establishing a growing scale.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Empezó por el [[talco]], que recibió el número 1, y terminó con el [[diamante]], al que asignó el número 10. Cada mineral raya a los que tienen asignado un número inferior a él, y lo rayan aquellos que tienen un número superior al suyo.</span> It started with the [[talc]], which received the number 1, and ended with the [[diamond]], to which it assigned the number 10. Each mineral lines those assigned a number lower than it, and is scratched by those that have a number higher than yours.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">=== Tabla de dureza de Mohs === {|</span> === Mohs hardness table === {|</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">class="wikitable" |----- !</span> class = "wikitable" | -----!</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Dureza !</span> Hardness !</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Mineral !</span> Mineral!</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se raya con / raya a !</span> It is striped with / stripe a!</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Composición química |----- |</span> Chemical composition | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"</span> style = "background-color: #FFFFFF;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''1''' ||</span> '' '1' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Talco]] ||</span> [[Talc]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar fácilmente con la uña ||</span> It can be scratched easily with the nail ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> |----- |</span> Mg <sub> 3 </ sub> Yes <sub> 4 </ sub> O <sub> 10 </ sub> (OH) <sub> 2 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #E6E6E6;"</span> style = "background-color: # E6E6E6;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''2''' ||</span> '' '2' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Yeso (mineral)|Yeso]] ||</span> [[Plaster (mineral) | Plaster]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar con la uña con más dificultad ||</span> It can be scratched with the nail with more difficulty ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O |----- |</span> CaSO <sub> 4 </ sub> · 2H <sub> 2 </ sub> OR | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #CCCCCC;"</span> style = "background-color: #CCCCCC;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''3''' ||</span> '' '3' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Calcita]] ||</span> [[Calcite]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar con una moneda de [[cobre]] ||</span> You can scratch with a [[copper]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">CaCO<sub>3</sub> |----- |</span> CaCO <sub> 3 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #B3B3B3;"</span> style = "background-color: # B3B3B3;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''4''' ||</span> '' '4' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Fluorita]] ||</span> [[Fluorite]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar con un cuchillo de [[acero]] ||</span> Can be scratched with a knife [[steel]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">CaF<sub>2</sub> |----- |</span> CaF <sub> 2 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #999999;"</span> style = "background-color: # 999999;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''5''' ||</span> '' '5' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Apatito]] ||</span> [[Apatite]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar difícilmente con un cuchillo ||</span> It can be scratched hard with a knife ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH-,Cl-,F-)l |----- |</span> Ca <sub> 5 </ sub> (PO <sub> 4 </ sub>) <sub> 3 </ sub> (OH-, Cl-, F-) l | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #808080;"</span> style = "background-color: # 808080;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">'''6''' ||</span> '' '6' '' ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Ortosa]] ||</span> [[Ortosa]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Se puede rayar con una lija para el acero ||</span> Can be scratched with a sandpaper for steel ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> |----- |</span> KAlSi <sub> 3 </ sub> O <sub> 8 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #666666;"</span> style = "background-color: # 666666;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"><span style="color: white;">'''7'''</span> ||</span> <span style = "color: white;"> '' '7' '' </ span> ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Cuarzo]] ||</span> [[Quartz]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Raya el vidrio ||</span> Scratch the glass ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">SiO<sub>2</sub> |----- |</span> SiO <sub> 2 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #4C4C4C" align="center" |</span> style = "background-color: # 4C4C4C" align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"><span style="color: white;">'''8'''</span> ||</span> <span style = "color: white;"> '' '8' '' </ span> ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Topacio]] ||</span> [[Topaz]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Rayado por herramientas de carburo de [[wolframio]] ||</span> Scratched by [[tungsten]] carbide tools ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(OH-,F-)<sub>2</sub> |----- |</span> At <sub> 2 </ sub> SiO <sub> 4 </ sub> (OH-, F -) <sub> 2 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #333333;"</span> style = "background-color: # 333333;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"><span style="color: white;">'''9'''</span> ||</span> <span style = "color: white;"> '' '9' '' </ span> ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Corindón]] ||</span> [[Corundum]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Rayado por herramientas de carburo de silicio||</span> Scratched by silicon carbide tools ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |----- |</span> At <sub> 2 </ sub> O <sub> 3 </ sub> | ----- |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">style="background-color: #191919;"</span> style = "background-color: # 191919;"</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">align="center" |</span> align = "center" |</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"><span style="color: white;">'''10'''</span> ||</span> <span style = "color: white;"> '' '10' '' </ span> ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Diamante]] ||</span> [[Diamond]] ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">El material más duro en esta escala (rayado por otro diamante).</span> The hardest material on this scale (scratched by another diamond).</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">||</span> ||</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Carbono|C]] |---- |} El 16 de agosto de 2012, investigadores del [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] hallaron un nuevo [[alótropo]] del carbono, más duro que el diamante, capaz de mantenerse estable en condiciones normales, aunque se obtenía a partir de un material formado por esferas de carbono-60, sometiéndolo a una presión de 320.000 atm.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.gl.ciw.edu/content/2012/8/17/ordering-carbon-clusters |título=Ordering Carbon Clusters |fechaacceso=16 de agosto de 2012|idioma=inglés}}</ref></span> [[Carbon | C]] | ---- |} On August 16, 2012, researchers at the [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] found a new carbon [[allotrope]], harder than diamond, capable of to remain stable under normal conditions, although it was obtained from a material formed by carbon-60 spheres, subjecting it to a pressure of 320,000 atm. <ref> {{cita web | url = https: //www.gl.ciw. edu / content / 2012/8/17 / ordering-carbon-clusters | title = Ordering Carbon Clusters | dateaccess = August 16, 2012 | language = English}} </ ref></span>
== Escala de Rosiwal ==
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