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Las '''relaciones Brasil-Portugal''' son las [[relaciones internacionales]] entre [[Brasil]] y [[Portugal]]. Las relaciones entre Brasil y Portugal se han extendido durante cuatro siglos, comenzando en 1532 con el establecimiento de [[São Vicente (São Paulo)|São Vicente]], el primer asentamiento permanente portugués en [[América]], hasta la actualidad.<ref name="culture"/> Las relaciones entre los dos están intrínsecamente vinculadas debido al [[Imperio portugués]]. Siguen obligados por un lenguaje común y líneas ancestrales en [[portugués brasileño]] s, que se remontan cientos de años atrás.
Hoy, Brasil y Portugal comparten una [[Relación especial (relaciones internacionales)|relación privilegiada]], <ref name="mne">{{cite web |url=http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/en/infopolitica/polexternas/ |title=Foreign policy - Americas |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lisbon |accessdate=18 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226010155/http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/en/infopolitica/polexternas# |archive-date=2011-12-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> como lo demuestra la coordinación política y diplomática alineada, así como la cooperación económica, social, cultural, legal, técnica y científica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mre.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1481&Itemid=1363|title=The Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries|publisher=Ministry of External Relations|accessdate=18 November 2010}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Según una encuesta de 2011 de la [[BBC]], el 76% de los [[portugueses]] ven positivamente la influencia de Brasil, y el 8% la ve negativamente, la percepción más favorable de Brasil para cualquier otro país encuestado en el mundo.<ref>[http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf Las opiniones sobre EE. UU. Continúan mejorando en 2011 Encuesta de clasificación de países de la BBC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf |date=2012-11-23 }} [[BBC]]</ref>
==Historia==
===Origínes===
[[File:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|right|thumb|Cabral's landing in Porto Seguro, oil on canvas, Oscar Pereira da Silva, 1904.]]
En abril de 1500, Brasil fue reclamado por Portugal a la llegada de la flota portuguesa comandada por [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]].<ref>Boxer, p. 98.</ref> Hasta 1530, Portugal aún no había establecido su primera colonia en Brasil.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-60854 |title=History of Latin America |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2010|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> En el primer siglo de asentamiento, los portugueses se dieron cuenta de que sería difícil usar a los [[pueblos indígenas en Brasil | nativos]] como [[esclavitud | trabajo esclavo]]. No eran dóciles, tenían una alta mortalidad cuando se exponían a enfermedades occidentales y podían escapar y esconderse con bastante facilidad. Por lo tanto, Portugal recurrió a [[comercio de esclavos africanos | esclavos africanos]] para realizar trabajos manuales.<ref name="OECD" />
En los siglos XVI y XVII, los ingresos oficiales de Brasil fueron pequeños: alrededor del 3 por ciento de los ingresos públicos portugueses en 1588 y el 5 por ciento en 1619.<ref>Bethell, p. 286.</ref> La actividad económica se concentró en una pequeña población de colonos involucrados en una industria altamente rentable orientada a la exportación [[caña de azúcar]] en la [[Región Nordeste, Brasil | Nordeste]].
En la década de 1690, el [[Brasil Gold Rush | descubrimiento de oro]], y en la década de 1720 diamantes más al sur en [[Minas Gerais]], abrieron nuevas oportunidades. La industria del oro estaba en su punto máximo alrededor de 1750, con una producción de alrededor de 15 toneladas al año, pero a medida que se agotaban los mejores depósitos, la producción y las exportaciones disminuyeron. En la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, las remesas de ganancias de oro promediaron 5,23 millones de reales (£ 1,4 millones) al año, de los cuales los ingresos reales identificables fueron de alrededor del 18 por ciento.<ref>Alden, p. 31.</ref> Los envíos totales de oro brasileño durante todo el siglo XVIII fueron de entre 800 y 850 toneladas.<ref>Morineau, p. 354</ref>
===Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil y Algarves===
En 1808, el gobernante portugués, Príncipe Regente [[Juan VI de Portugal | Juan VI]], [[Traslado de la Corte portuguesa a Brasil | huyó]] a [[Río de Janeiro]] para escapar de la [[Guerra Peninsular|Invasión francesa]] de Portugal.<ref name="OECD"/> Trajo con él alrededor de 10.000 de los establecimientos del continente: la aristocracia, la burocracia y algunos militares.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldeconomy.org/impact/The_Portuguese_in_Brazil.html |title=The Portuguese in Brazil|publisher=theworldeconomy.org|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> Durante 13 años, Río de Janeiro funcionó como la capital del Reino de Portugal en lo que algunos historiadores llaman una "inversión metropolitana", es decir, una antigua colonia que ejerce el gobierno sobre la totalidad del imperio portugués.
En 1815, durante el [[Congreso de Viena]], Juan VI creó el [[Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil y los Algarves]], elevando a Brasil al mismo rango que Portugal e incrementando la independencia administrativa de Brasil. Los representantes brasileños fueron elegidos para los tribunales constitucionales portugueses. En 1816, con la muerte de [[María I de Portugal | Reina María]], Juan VI fue coronado Rey de Portugal y Brasil en Río de Janeiro.
[[Juan VI de Portugal | Juan VI]] se enfrentó a una [[Revolución Liberal de 1820 | crisis política]] cuando los grupos {{quien | fecha = noviembre 2011}} en Portugal intentaron revertir la metropolitanización de su antigua colonia. Con el final de las [[Guerras Napoleónicas]] llegaron los llamados para que John regresara a Lisboa y para que Brasil volviera a su condición colonial anterior. A finales de 1821 la situación se estaba volviendo insoportable y Juan VI y la familia real regresaron a Portugal.
===Independence of Brazil===
[[File:Independência ou Morte (1888).jpg|thumb|right|Brazil's independence declaration as depicted in Pedro Américo's ''[[Independence or Death (painting)|O Grito do Ipiranga]]'', 1888.]]
{{Further|Brazilian Independence}}
The Portuguese Courts then demanded that Prince [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro]] return to Portugal. As his father had advised him to do, the prince instead declared his intention to stay in Brazil in a speech known as the ''"Fico"'' ("I am staying"). Pedro proclaimed [[Brazilian independence]] on September 7, 1822 and subsequently became the first emperor of the country. There was some armed resistance from Portuguese garrisons in Brazil, but the struggle was brief.<ref name="Brit" /> Portugal recognised Brazil's independence in 1825.<ref name="gringo"/>
===Revolta da Armada incident===
[[File:Floriano Peixoto na revista D. Quixote 1895.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Revolta da Armada]]'' in an illustration by Angelo Agostini.]]
{{Further|Revolta da Armada}}
In 1894 relations were strained between the two states after Portugal granted refuge to Brazilian rebels after the ''[[Revolta da Armada]]'' incident. Portugal had sent a naval force constituted by the warships ''Mindello'' and ''Affonso de Albuquerque'' to Rio de Janeiro to protect Portuguese interests during the [[Brazilian Navy|naval]] rebellion against [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Floriano Peixoto]]. On 2 April 1894, the uprising was crushed and 493 rebels, including 70 officers and the [[mutiny]] leader, Admiral Luís Filipe de Saldanha da Gama, sought refuge on board the Portuguese warships. Despite protests from the Brazilian government, Portugal granted refuge to the rebels and sailed to the [[Rio de la Plata]], where most of the refugees disembarked. The incident was regarded as a violation of Brazilian sovereignty and led Brazil to sever diplomatic relations with Portugal.<ref name="Heinsfeld">{{cite web |url=http://snh2007.anpuh.org/resources/content/anais/Adelar%20Heinsfeld.pdf |title=A ruptura diplomática Brasil-Portugal: Um aspecto do americanismo do início da República brasileira |last=Heinsfeld |first=Adelar |publisher=Associação Nacional de História – ANPUH|language=Portuguese|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/06/23/106909586.pdf |title=Relations of Brazil and Portugal: Explanation of the events resulting in the recall of De Paraty |date=23 June 1894|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1895 by the [[Prudente de Morais]] administration.<ref name="Heinsfeld" />
===20th century===
In the 20th century, relations between the two countries were shaped by Brazil's much greater size and more powerful economy. For this reason, Brazilian investment in Portugal in the 1970s and 1980s was considerably greater than Portuguese investment in Brazil.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/portugal/95.htm Portugal: Brazil and East Timor] U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.</ref>
==Political ties==
Brazil and Portugal cooperate in [[Intergovernmental organization|multilateral fora]], and have been partners in promoting [[Reform of the United Nations|U.N. reform]]. Portugal has lobbied for Brazil to become a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/portuguese/detail/151085.html|title=Portugal quer Brasil no Conselho de Segurança|date=24 September 2008|publisher=United Nations|language=Portuguese|accessdate=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020645/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/portuguese/detail/151085.html#|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brazil and Portugal are founding members of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], an [[intergovernmental organization]] of former Portuguese colonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/id-45.aspx|title=Histórico - Como surgiu?|publisher=Communidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa|accessdate=20 November 2010|year=2010|language=Portuguese|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025221002/http://www.cplp.org/id-45.aspx|archivedate=25 October 2010}}</ref>
Brazil and Portugal signed the Friendship, Cooperation and Consultation treaty in [[Porto Seguro]] in April 22, 2000, during the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil. This treaty regulates the cooperation of Portugal and Brazil in international fora, grants Brazilians in Portugal and Portuguese in Brazil equal rights under the Statute of Equality of Portuguese and Brazilians (''Estatuto de igualdade entre portugueses e brasileiros''); cultural, scientific, technological, economical, finantial, commercial, fiscal, investment and several other forms of institutional cooperation were also addressed.<ref name="tratadoamizade"/> In 2016, some memorandums were signed during the 12th Brazil-Portugal summit in [[Brasília]], including on Antarctic cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embaixadadeportugal.org.br/noticias/noticia.php?cod_noticia=656 |title=Atos assinados por ocasião da XII Cimeira Brasil-Portugal|publisher=Embaixada de Portugal em Brasília|accessdate=9 March 2018|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
[[File:Lula e Cavaco Silva-03-2008.jpg|right|thumb|Lula and Portugal's [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]] receive the ''Laurel de Gratidão'' at the Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in Rio de Janeiro, 2008.]]
The two states hold regular [[Summit (meeting)|summit meetings]] to discuss bilateral and [[multilateral agreement]]s and current topics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embaixada-portugal-brasil.blogspot.com/2008/10/cimeira-luso-brasileira-de-salvador-vai.html |title=Cimeira Luso-Brasileira de Salvador vai marcar "viragem no diálogo político" entre os dois países|publisher=Embaixada de Portugal em Brasília|accessdate=18 November 2010|date=21 October 2008|language=Portuguese}}</ref> A major issue on the bilateral agenda in cultural matters is the joint promotion and diffusion of the Portuguese language.<ref name="mne" />
==Economic ties==
Both political and economic ties are important today. <!--What is the trade data?--> Companies from both countries were involved in mergers into the 2000s.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}
Relations between the two countries was said to be based on Brazil's sheer size, thus its economic market and generally more powerful economy. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brazilian investment in Portugal was thus much greater than Portuguese investment in Brazil.<ref name="countrystudies"/>
In economic terms, Portugal’s [[Foreign direct investment|direct investment]] in Brazil has grown substantially, and there has also been steady growth in trade between the two nations.<ref name="mne" />
==Cultural relations==
In addition to a commonality of language and religion, both countries are members of [[ACOLOP]] and are parts of the [[Lusophone]] world.
Portugal is sometimes controversially called the "mother country" of Brazil. A statue of Pedro Alvares Cabral in [[Ibirapuera Park]] in [[São Paulo]] alleges that "Brazilians owe everything to Portugal."<ref name="gringo">{{cite web |url=http://www.gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=343 |title=Brazil and Portugal - The Samba and the Fado |last=Fitzpatrick |first=John |publisher=gringoes.com |year=2009 |accessdate=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030040100/http://gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=343 |archivedate=30 October 2010 }}</ref> Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822 was said to be one of the important reasons for Portugal's decline as a global leader.
The ''[[azulejos]]'' style of architecture prevalent in Brazil was derived from the era of Portuguese rule.<ref name="culture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Portugal.html |title=Culture of Portugal |accessdate=29 November 2010|publisher=everyculture.com}}</ref> Brazilian ''[[telenovelas]]'' are popular in Portugal. However, ethnic relations between the two were not strong and the "special relations" was said to have ended by the later 20th century,<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/portugal/95.htm |title=Portugal - Brazil and East Timor|publisher=countrystudies.us |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> however, Portuguese citizens are still granted certain privileges under the Constitution that other foreigners do not have. A Portuguese community still exists in Brazil, as does a Brazilian community in Portugal. Portuguese is also said to have "united" Brazil where, in the 19th century, only segments of the country spoke the language with indigenous languages such as [[Tupi language|Tupi]] being prevalent. Following more settlers coming from Europe and African slaves, Portuguese became a universal language in the country.
However, Portuguese links with Brazil were weaker than that of other European empires like the United Kingdom, whose colonies sent soldiers to fight in both World Wars. Cultural dissimalirites also exist because of the native and African influence, both of whom adopted Portuguese names but retained an element of their own culture and "indigenised" it to make a "uniquely" Brazilian culture as in dance and other facets. These were adopted by Brazil's white population, but was not present in Portugal.<ref name="gringo"/>
The two countries have also given special attention to the promotion and diffusion of the Portuguese language in the world. Brazil and Portugal have signed several bilateral agreements with the purpose of creating a unified [[orthography]] for the Portuguese language, to be used by all the countries that have Portuguese as their [[official language]]. Since 21 April 2000, Brazilian citizens can travel to Portugal (and vice versa) without a visa, on account of the "Status of Equality" treaty that was signed between the two states.<ref name="tratadoamizade">{{cite web |url=http://consuladoportugalsp.org.br/dados-sobre-portugal/tratados-e-acordos-entre-portugal-e-brasil/tratado-de-amizade-cooperacao-e-consulta-entre-a-republica-federativa-do-brasil-e-a-republica-portuguesa/ |title=Tratado de Amizade, Cooperação e Consulta entre a República Federativa do Brasil e a República Portuguesa |publisher=Consulado Geral de Portugal em São Paulo |year=2000 |accessdate=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
==[[Diplomatic mission]]s==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;of Portugal<ref>http://www.embaixadadeportugal.org.br/rede.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225140507/http://www.embaixadadeportugal.org.br/rede.php |date=2011-12-25 }}.</ref>
*[[Brasília]] (Embassy)
*[[Belém]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Belo Horizonte]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Curitiba]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Porto Alegre]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Recife]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Fortaleza]] (Vice-Consulate)
*[[Rio de Janeiro]] (Consulate-General)
*[[São Paulo]] (Consulate-General)
*[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] (Consulate-General)
{{col-2}}
;of Brazil<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalconsular.mre.gov.br/apoio/embaixadas-e-consulados|title=Embaixadas e consulados|publisher=Ministério das Relações Exteriores|accessdate=21 November 2010|language=Portuguese|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127012028/http://www.portalconsular.mre.gov.br/apoio/embaixadas-e-consulados|archivedate=27 November 2010}}</ref>
*[[Lisbon]] (Embassy)
*[[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] (Consulate-General)
*[[Porto]] (Consulate-General)
{{col-end}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Consulado-geral do Brasil em Lisboa.jpg|Consulate-General of Brazil in Lisbon
File:12-09-2017 Consulate-General of Brazil, Faro.JPG|Consulate-General of Brazil in Faro
File:Consulado Geral de Portugal em São Paulo 01.jpg|Consulate-General of Portugal in São Paulo
</gallery>
==See also==
{{portal|Brazil|Portugal}}
*[[Brazilian Portuguese]]
*[[Portuguese Brazilian]]
*[[Brazilians in Portugal]]
*[[Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
* Alden, Dauril, ed. ''Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil'' (University of California Press, 1973)
* Arenas, Fernando. ''Utopias of otherness: Nationhood and subjectivity in Portugal and Brazil'' (U of Minnesota Press, 2003)
* Bethell, Leslie. ''The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 1, Colonial Latin America''. (Cambridge University Press, 1985). {{ISBN|978-0-521-23223-4}}
* [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''The Portuguese seaborne empire, 1415-1825'' (1969)
* Pedreira, Jorge Miguel Viana. "From Growth to Collapse: Portugal, Brazil, and the Breakdown of the Old Colonial System (1750-1830)." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 80.4 (2000): 839-864.
* Santos, Paula Marques. "Relations Between Portugal and Brazil (1930-1945) The Relationship Between the Two National Experiences of the Estado Novo." ''Titulo: E-journal of Portuguese History'' 4.2 (2006).
* Sayers, Raymond S., ed. ''Portugal and Brazil in transition'' (U of Minnesota Press, 1968)
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110122014810/http://www.embaixadadobrasil.pt/ Embaixada do Brasil em Lisboa] Official website of the Brazilian Embassy in Lisbon
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111025171355/http://www.embaixadadeportugal.org.br/ Embaixada de Portugal em Brasília] Official website of the Portuguese Embassy in Brasília
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