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Como alimento. Como reservorio natural.
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== Relación con los humanos ==
=== Como alimento ===
{{En desarrollo|Furado}}▼
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{{Main|Bat as food|Pteropus#Food}}
Megabats are killed and eaten as [[bushmeat]] throughout their range. Bats are consumed extensively throughout Asia, as well as in islands of the West Indian Ocean and the Pacific, where ''Pteropus'' species are heavily hunted. In continental Africa where no ''Pteropus'' species live, the straw-coloured fruit bat, the region's largest megabat, is a preferred hunting target.<ref>{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1017/s0030605308000938|título=Bats as bushmeat: A global review|publicación=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]]|volumen=43|número=2|página=217|año=2009|apellido=Mickleburgh|nombre=S.|apellido2=Waylen|nombre2=K.|apellido3=Racey|nombre3=P.}}</ref>
 
{{VT|Alimento a base de murciélago}}
In Guam, consumption of the Mariana fruit bat exposes locals to the [[neurotoxin]] [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA) which may later lead to [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative diseases]]. BMAA may become particularly [[Biomagnification|biomagnified]] in humans who consume flying foxes; flying foxes are exposed to BMAA by eating [[cycad]] fruits.<ref name="Banack 2006">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.032|pmid=16457975|título=Neurotoxic flying foxes as dietary items for the Chamorro people, Marianas Islands|publicación=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]|volumen=106|número=1|páginas=97-104|año=2006|apellido=Banack|nombre=S. A. |apellido2=Murch|nombre2=S. J.|apellido3=Cox|nombre3=P. A.}}</ref><ref name="Cox 2016" >{{Cita publicación |apellido=Cox|nombre=P.|apellido2=Davis|nombre2=D.|apellido3=Mash|nombre3=D.|apellido4=Metcalf|nombre4=J. S.|apellido5=Banack|nombre5=S. A. |año= 2016 |título=Dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain |publicación=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume = 283|número=3 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.2397| pages=1-10 | pmid=26791617 | pmc=4795023}}</ref><ref name=Holtcamp>{{Cita publicación |apellido=Holtcamp|nombre=W. |año= 2012 |título=The emerging science of BMAA: do cyanobacteria contribute to neurodegenerative disease? |publicación=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |volumen=120|número=1823 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.120-a110 | pmid=22382274 | pmc=3295368 |páginas=a110-a116}}</ref>▼
Los pteropódidos son una fuente de [[carne de animal silvestre]] y consumidos en toda su área de distribución. Los murciélagos son una fuente de alimento generalizada en toda Asia, así como en las islas del océano Índico occidental y el Pacífico, donde las especies de ''Pteropus'' son objeto de caza intensiva. En el África continental, donde no se encuentra ninguna especie de ''Pteropus'', el megamurciélago de mayor tamaño de la región, ''[[Eidolon helvum]]'', es un blanco de caza habitual.<ref>{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1017/s0030605308000938 |título=Bats as bushmeat: A global review |publicación=Oryx |volumen=43 |número=2 |páginas=217-234 |año=2009 |apellido=Mickleburgh |nombre=S. |apellido2=Waylen |nombre2=K. |apellido3=Racey |nombre3=P.}}</ref>
 
▲InEn [[Guam,]] consumptionel ofconsumo thede Mariana''[[Pteropus fruitmariannus]]'' batexpone exposesa localslos tohabitantes thea la [[neurotoxinneurotoxina]] [[beta-Methylaminometilamino-L-alaninealanina]] (BMAA), whichpor maysus latersiglas leaden toinglés), que puede provocar [[NeurodegenerationEnfermedad neurodegenerativa|neurodegenerativeenfermedades diseasesneurodegenerativas]].; la BMAA may become particularlypuede [[BiomagnificationBiomagnificación|biomagnifiedbiomagnificarse]] inen humanslos whoseres consumehumanos flyingque foxes;consumen flyingzorros foxesvoladores, areque exposedestán toexpuestos BMAAa esta toxina al bycomer eatingfrutos de [[cycadCycadopsida|cícadas]] fruits.<ref name="Banack 2006">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.032 |pmid=16457975 |título=Neurotoxic flying foxes as dietary items for the Chamorro people, Marianas Islands |publicación=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volumen=106 |número=1 |páginas=97-104 |año=2006 |apellido=Banack |nombre=S. A. |apellido2=Murch |nombre2=S. J. |apellido3=Cox |nombre3=P. A.}}</ref><ref name="Cox 2016" >{{Cita publicación |apellido=Cox |nombre=P. |apellido2=Davis |nombre2=D. |apellido3=Mash |nombre3=D. |apellido4=Metcalf |nombre4=J. S. |apellido5=Banack |nombre5=S. A. |año= 2016 |título=Dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain |publicación=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume volumen= 283 |número=3 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.2397| pages|páginas=1-10 | pmid=26791617 | pmc=4795023}}</ref><ref name=Holtcamp>{{Cita publicación |apellido=Holtcamp |nombre=W. |año= 2012 |título=The emerging science of BMAA: do cyanobacteria contribute to neurodegenerative disease? |publicación=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |volumen=120 |número=1823 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.120-a110 | pmid=22382274 | pmc=3295368 |páginas=a110-a116}}</ref>
=== As disease reservoirs ===
[[Archivo:Egyptian fruit bat.jpg|miniatura|alt=A yellowish-gray megabat sits atop a skewer of fruit slices, including banana and apple.|The [[Egyptian fruit bat]] (''Rousettus aegyptiacus''), which has tested positive for [[Marburg virus]] and antibodies against the [[Ebola virus]], though not the actual virus.]]
[[Archivo:Hendra-distribution-map.jpg|upright=1.3|miniatura|alt=A map of Madagascar, Asia, and Oceania. Madagascar, Southern and Southeast Asia, and most of Oceania is delimited as flying fox distribution. The northeast coast of Australia shows small red icons that indicate Hendra virus outbreaks. South and Southeast Asia has several blue icons that indicate Nipah virus outbreaks.|[[Henipavirus]] outbreaks overlaid on flying fox distribution map, with [[Nipah virus]] as blue icons and [[Hendra virus]] as red icons.]]
Megabats are the [[natural reservoir|reservoirs]] of several [[virus]]es that can affect humans and cause disease. They can carry [[filovirus]]es, including the [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV) and ''[[Marburgvirus]]''.<ref name="Hassanin" /> The presence of ''Marburgvirus'', which causes [[Marburg virus disease]], has been confirmed in one species, the Egyptian fruit bat. The disease is rare, but the fatality rate of an outbreak can reach up to 88%.<ref name="Hassanin"/><ref name="who" /> The virus was first recognized after simultaneous outbreaks in the German cities of [[Marburg]] and [[Frankfurt]] as well as [[Belgrade|Belgrade, Serbia]] in 1967<ref name="who">{{Cita web |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/marburg-haemorrhagic-fever|título=Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever|sitioweb=World Health Organization| access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> where 31 people became ill and seven died.<ref name="cdc" /> The outbreak was traced to [[laboratory]] work with [[vervet monkey]]s from [[Uganda]].<ref name="who"/> The virus can pass from a bat host to a human (who has usually spent a prolonged period in a mine or cave where Egyptian fruit bats live); from there, it can spread person-to-person through contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood and [[semen]].<ref name="who" /> The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] lists a total of 601 confirmed cases of Marburg virus disease from 1967 to 2014, of which 373 people died (62% overall mortality).<ref name="cdc">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html|título=Chronology of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks|sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=9 October 2014 |fechaacceso=30 May 2019}}</ref>
 
=== Como reservorio natural ===
Species that have tested positive for the presence of EBOV include [[Franquet's epauletted fruit bat]] (''Epomops franqueti''), the hammer-headed fruit bat, and the little collared fruit bat. Additionally, [[antibody|antibodies]] against EBOV have been found in the straw-coloured fruit bat, [[Gambian epauletted fruit bat]] (''Epomophorus gambianus''), [[Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat]] (''Micropteropus pusillus''), [[Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat]] (''Nanonycteris veldkampii''), Leschenault's rousette, and the Egyptian fruit bat.<ref name="Hassanin">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005|pmid=27746072|título=Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014-2016|publicación=[[Comptes Rendus Biologies]]|volumen=339|número=11-12|páginas=517-528|año=2016|apellido=Hassanin|nombre=A. |apellido2=Nesi|nombre2=N. |apellido3=Marin|nombre3=J. |apellido4=Kadjo|nombre4=B. |apellido5=Pourrut|nombre5=X. |apellido6=Leroy|nombre6=É. |apellido7=Gembu|nombre7=G. |apellido8=Musaba Akawa|nombre8=P. |apellido9=Ngoagouni|nombre9=C. |apellido10=Nakouné|nombre10=E. |apellido11=Ruedi|first11=M. |apellido12=Tshikung|first12=D. |apellido13=Pongombo Shongo|first13=C.|apellido14=Bonillo|first14=C.|url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01382796/document}}</ref> Much of how humans contract the Ebola virus is unknown. Scientists hypothesize that humans initially become infected through contact with an infected animal such as a megabat or non-human primate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/index.html|título=Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease): Transmission| access-date=30 May 2019|date=17 May 2019|sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Megabats are presumed to be a natural reservoir of the Ebola virus, but this has not been firmly established.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/stories-features/global-stories/ebola-reservoir-study.html|título=Ebola Reservoir Study|sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |fechaacceso=30 May 2019|date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Microbats are also being investigated as the reservoir of the virus, with the [[greater long-fingered bat]] (''Miniopterus inflatus'') once found to harbor a fifth of the virus's genome (though not testing positive for the actual virus) in 2019.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/bat-species-may-be-source-ebola-epidemic-killed-more-11000-people-west-africa|título=This bat species may be the source of the Ebola epidemic that killed more than 11,000 people in West Africa|nombre=K.|apellido=Kupferschmidt|date=24 January 2019| access-date=30 May 2019|sitioweb=Science}}</ref> Due to the likely association between Ebola infection and "hunting, butchering and processing meat from infected animals", several West African countries banned bushmeat (including megabats) or issued warnings about it during the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|2013-2016 epidemic]]; many bans have since been lifted.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.apnews.com/2ff0034f651a4e229c6d9a74b21bc80f|título=Post-Ebola, West Africans flock back to bushmeat, with risk|sitioweb=Associated Press|nombre=H.|apellido=Zon|nombre2=C.|apellido2=Petesch|date=21 September 2016 |fechaacceso=30 May 2019}}</ref>▼
 
[[Archivo:Hendra-distribution-map.jpg|upright=1.3|miniatura|Los brotes de ''[[Henipavirus]]'' se superponen con el mapa de distribución de los zorros voladores]]
Other megabats implicated as disease reservoirs are primarily ''Pteropus'' species. Notably, flying foxes can transmit [[Australian bat lyssavirus]], which, along with the [[rabies virus]], causes [[rabies]]. Australian bat lyssavirus was first identified in 1996; it is very rarely transmitted to humans. Transmission occurs from the bite or scratch of an infected animal but can also occur from getting the infected animal's saliva in a [[mucous membrane]] or an open [[wound]]. Exposure to flying fox blood, urine, or feces cannot cause infections of Australian bat lyssavirus. Since 1994, there have been three records of people becoming infected with it in [[Queensland]]—each case was fatal.<ref name="NSW">{{Cita web | url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/rabies-australian-bat-lyssavirus-infection.aspx|título=Rabies and Australian bat lyssavirus infection fact sheet| date=30 November 2015|sitioweb=health.nsw.gov.au|editorial=State of New South Wales NSW Ministry of Health 2015| access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
Los megamurciélagos son un [[reservorio natural]] de algunos [[virus]] que pueden afectar a los humanos y provocarles enfermedades. Pueden portar [[Filoviridae|filovirus]], como el [[Ebolavirus|virus del Ébola]] (''Ebolavirus'') o el [[Marburgvirus|virus de Marburgo]] (''Marburgvirus'').<ref name="Hassanin" />
 
La presencia de ''Marburgvirus'', que causa la [[fiebre hemorrágica de Marburgo]], una enfermedad rara pero en la que la tasa de mortalidad de un brote puede llegar hasta el 88&nbsp;%, ha sido confirmada en ''[[Rousettus aegyptiacus]]''.<ref name="Hassanin"/><ref name="who" /> Este virus fue reconocido por primera vez tras brotes simultáneos en [[Marburgo]] y [[Fráncfort del Meno|Fráncfort]] (Alemania), así como en [[Belgrado]] (Serbia) en 1967,<ref name="who">{{Cita web |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/marburg-haemorrhagic-fever |título=Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever |sitioweb=World Health Organization |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref> donde 31 personas enfermaron y siete murieron.<ref name="cdc" /> El virus puede pasar de un murciélago huésped a un humano (que por lo general ha pasado un período prolongado en una mina o cueva donde viven ''Rousettus aegyptiacus'') y propagarse de persona a persona mediante el contacto con fluidos corporales infectados como la sangre y el semen.<ref name="who" /> Los [[Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades]] de Estados Unidos registraron un total de 601 casos confirmados de fiebre hemorrágica de Marburgo entre 1967 y 2014, de los cuales 373 personas murieron (tasa de mortalidad del 62&nbsp;%).<ref name="cdc">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |título=Chronology of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks |sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |fecha=9 de octubre de 2014 |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref>
 
▲SpeciesEntre thatlas haveespecies testedde positivepteropódidos foren thelas presenceque ofse EBOVha includeconfirmado [[Franquetla presencia de ''Ebolavirus''s epaulettedse fruitencuentran bat]] (''[[Epomops franqueti]]''), the''[[Hypsignathus hammer-headedmonstrosus]]'' fruity bat,''[[Myonycteris andtorquata]]''. theAdemás littlese collaredhan fruit bat. Additionally,identificado [[antibody|antibodiesanticuerpo]]s againstcontra EBOVel havevirus beendel foundÉbola in the straw-coloured fruit bat,en ''[[GambianEidolon epauletted fruit bathelvum]]'', (''[[Epomophorus gambianus]]''), ''[[Peters'sMicropteropus dwarf epauletted fruit batpusillus]] (''Micropteropus, pusillus''), [[Veldkamp'sNanonycteris dwarf epauletted fruit batveldkampii]] (''Nanonycteris, veldkampii''),[[Rousettus Leschenaultleschenaultii]]''s rousette,y and''[[Rousettus the Egyptian fruit bataegyptiacus]]''.<ref name="Hassanin">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005 |pmid=27746072 |título=Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014-2016 |publicación=[[Comptes Rendus Biologies]] |volumen=339 |número=11-12 |páginas=517-528 |año=2016 |apellido=Hassanin |nombre=A. |apellido2=Nesi |nombre2=N. |apellido3=Marin |nombre3=J. |apellido4=Kadjo |nombre4=B. |apellido5=Pourrut |nombre5=X. |apellido6=Leroy |nombre6=É. |apellido7=Gembu |nombre7=G. |apellido8=Musaba Akawa |nombre8=P. |apellido9=Ngoagouni |nombre9=C. |apellido10=Nakouné |nombre10=E. |apellido11=Ruedi |first11=M. |apellido12=Tshikung |first12nombre12=D. |apellido13=Pongombo Shongo |first13nombre13=C. |apellido14=Bonillo |first14nombre14=C. |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01382796/document}}</ref> MuchAunque ofse howdesconoce humansen contractgran themedida Ebolala forma en que los humanos contraen el virus isdel unknown.Ébola, Scientistslos hypothesizecientíficos thattienen humansla initiallyhipótesis becomede infectedque throughlos contacthumanos withse infectan inicialmente a través del contacto ancon infectedun animal suchinfectado ascomo aun megabatmegamurciélago oro non-humanun primate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/index.html |título=Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease): Transmission| access-date|fecha=305 Mayde 2019|date=17noviembre Mayde 2019 |sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref> Megabatsy areposteriormente presumedse totransmite beentre humanos a naturaltravés reservoirde offluidos theo secreciones corporales como heces, orina, saliva o semen.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/faq-ebola/es/ |título=Preguntas frecuentes sobre la enfermedad por el virus del Ebola |sitioweb=Organización Mundial de la Salud |fecha=mayo de 2017 |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020]]</ref> Se supone que los megamurciélagos son un reservorio natural del virus del Ébola, butaunque thisno hasse notha beenestablecido firmlycon establishedcerteza.<ref>{{Cita web |url=httpshhttps://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/stories-features/global-stories/ebola-reservoir-study.html |título=Ebola Reservoir Study |sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |fechaaccesofecha=309 Mayde julio de 2018 2019|datefechaacceso=922 Julyde 2018noviembre de 2020}}</ref> MicrobatsTambién arese alsoestá beinginvestigando investigateda aslos themicromurciélagos reservoircomo ofreservorio thedel virus, withya theque [[greateren long-fingered2019 bat]]se descubrió que (''[[Miniopterus inflatus]]'') oncealbergaba founduna toquinta harborparte adel fifth[[genoma]] of thedel virus's, genomeaunque (thoughno notdio testingpositivo positivepara forel thevirus actualpropiamente virus)dicho in(a fecha enero de 2019).<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/bat-species-may-be-source-ebola-epidemic-killed-more-11000-people-west-africa |título=This bat species may be the source of the Ebola epidemic that killed more than 11,000 people in West Africa |nombre=K. |apellido=Kupferschmidt |datefecha=24 Januaryde 2019|enero access-date=30 Mayde 2019 |sitioweb=Science |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref> DueDebido toa thela likelyprobable associationasociación betweenentre Ebolala infectioninfección andpor "hunting''Ebolavirus'' y «la caza, butcheringla andmatanza processingy meatla fromelaboración infectedde animals"productos cárnicos de animales infectados», severalvarios Westpaíses Africande countriesÁfrica bannedoccidental bushmeatprohibieron la carne de animales silvestres (includingincluidos los megabatsmegamurciélagos) oro issuedemitieron warningsadvertencias aboutal itrespecto duringdurante thela [[Westernepidemia Africande Ebolaébola virusde epidemic|20132014-2016 epidemic]];, aunque desde manyentonces bansse havehan sincelevantado beenmuchas liftedprohibiciones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/2ff0034f651a4e229c6d9a74b21bc80f |título=Post-Ebola, West Africans flock back to bushmeat, with risk |sitioweb=Associated Press |nombre=H.| apellido=Zon |nombre2=C. |apellido2=Petesch |datefecha=21 Septemberde septiembre de 2016 |fechaacceso=3022 Mayde 2019noviembre de 2020}}</ref>
 
Especies del género ''Pteropus'' pueden transmitir el [[Lysavirus australiano de murciélago|lisavirus australiano de murciélago]], que, junto con el [[virus de la rabia]], causa la [[rabia]]. El lisavirus australiano de murciélago fue identificado por primera vez en un ejemplar de ''[[Pteropus alecto]]''. La transmisión se produce por la mordedura o el arañazo de un animal infectado, o por la penetración de la saliva del animal infectado en una membrana [[mucosa]] o una herida abierta; la simple exposición a sangre, orina o heces de zorros voladores no puede causar infecciones del virus del murciélago australiano. Es muy raro que se transmita a los humanos pero, aunque solo se han registrado tres casos de personas que se infectaron con él en 1996 en [[Queensland]], en todos los casos resultó mortal.<ref name="NSW">{{Cita web |url=https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/rabies-australian-bat-lyssavirus-infection.aspx |título=Rabies and Australian bat lyssavirus infection fact sheet |fecha=26 de julio de 2019 |sitioweb=NSW Health |editorial=New South Wales Government |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref>
 
Los zorros voladores también son reservorios de ''[[Henipavirus]]'' como el [[virus Hendra]] y el [[Virus Nipah|Nipah]]. El virus Hendra fue identificado por primera vez en 1994 y rara vez se desarrolla en los seres humanos; entre 1994 y 2013 se han notificado siete casos de este virus que afectaron a personas, aunque cuatro de ellos fueron mortales. No existen casos documentados de transmisión directa entre los zorros voladores y los seres humanos.<ref name="Sanchez 2016">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004411 |pmid=26829399 |título=Disease Risk Perception and Safety Practices: A Survey of Australian Flying Fox Rehabilitators |publicación=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volumen=10 |número=2 |página=e0004411 |año=2016 |apellido=Sánchez |nombre=C. A. |apellido2=Baker |nombre2=M. L.|pmc=4734781}}</ref> Se ha planteado la hipótesis de que la vía principal de infección en humanos es a través del contacto con caballos que han entrado en contacto con orina de zorro volador;<ref name="CDC">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/hendra/pdf/factsheet.pdf |título=Hendra Virus Disease(HeV) |sitioweb=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |editorial=U. S. Department of Health & Human Services |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref> desde 2012 se dispone de una [[vacuna]] para los caballos con el fin de disminuir la probabilidad de infección y transmisión.<ref name="AVA">{{Cita web |url=https://www.ava.com.au/policy-advocacy/policies/horse-health-and-welfare/hendra-virus/ |título=Hendra Virus |sitioweb=The Australian Veterinary Association |fecha=19 de octubre de 2018 |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.ava.com.au/hendra-virus-vaccine |título=The Hendra vaccine |sitioweb=Vet Voice |editorial=Australian Veterinary Association |fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2020}}</ref>
 
 
▲{{En desarrollo|Furado}}
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Flying foxes are also reservoirs of [[henipavirus]]es such as [[Henipavirus#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]] and [[Henipavirus#Nipah virus|Nipah virus]]. Hendra virus was first identified in 1994; it rarely occurs in humans. From 1994 to 2013, there have been seven reported cases of Hendra virus affecting people, four of which were fatal. The hypothesized primary route of human infection is via contact with [[horse]]s that have come into contact with flying fox [[Urination|urine]].<ref name="CDC">{{Cita web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/hendra/pdf/factsheet.pdf|título=Hendra Virus Disease(HeV)|sitioweb=cdc.gov|editorial=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services| access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> There are no documented instances of direct transmission between flying foxes and humans.<ref name="Sanchez 2016">{{Cita publicación |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004411|pmid=26829399|título=Disease Risk Perception and Safety Practices: A Survey of Australian Flying Fox Rehabilitators|publicación=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volumen=10|número=2|página=e0004411|año=2016|apellido=Sánchez|nombre=C. A. |apellido2=Baker|nombre2=M. L.|pmc=4734781}}</ref> As of 2012, there is a [[vaccine]] available for horses to decrease the likelihood of infection and transmission.<ref name="AVA">{{Cita web | url=http://www.ava.com.au/hendra-virus-vaccine|título=The Hendra vaccine|sitioweb=ava.com|editorial=The Australian Veterinary Association Ltd (AVA)|date=2018| access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
 
Nipah virus was first identified in 1998 in Malaysia. Since 1998, there have been several Nipah outbreaks in Malaysia, [[Singapore]], India, and Bangladesh, resulting in over 100 casualties. A [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala|2018 outbreak]] in [[Kerala|Kerala, India]] resulted in 19 humans becoming infected—17 died.<ref name="Gulland 2018">{{Cita web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/06/12/nipah-virus-control-india-britain-world-must-alert-signs-infected/|título=Nipah virus 'under control' in India - but Britain and the world must be alert for signs of infected travellers|apellido=Gulland|nombre=A.| date=12 June 2018|sitioweb=The Telegraph|editorial=Telegraph Media Group Limited 2018| access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> The overall fatality rate is 40-75%. Humans can contract Nipah virus from direct contact with flying foxes or their fluids, through exposure to an intermediate [[host (biology)|host]] such as [[domestic pig]]s, or from contact with an infected person.<ref name="WHO">{{Cita web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus|título=Nipah virus|sitioweb=World Health Organization|editorial=WHO| date=30 May 2018| access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> A 2014 study of the Indian flying fox and Nipah virus found that while Nipah virus outbreaks are more likely in areas preferred by flying foxes, "the presence of bats in and of itself is not considered a risk factor for Nipah virus infection." Rather, the consumption of [[date palm#sap|date palm sap]] is a significant route of transmission. The practice of date palm sap collection involves placing collecting pots at date palm trees. Indian flying foxes have been observed licking the sap as it flows into the pots, as well as defecating and urinating in proximity to the pots. In this way, humans who drink palm wine can be exposed to henipaviruses. The use of bamboo skirts on collecting pots lowers the risk of contamination from bat urine.<ref name="Hahn 2014">{{Cita publicación |apellido=Hahn|nombre=M. B.|apellido2=Epstein |nombre2= J. H.|apellido3=Gurley|nombre3=E. S.|apellido4=Islam|nombre4=M. S.|apellido5=Luby|nombre5=S. P.|apellido6=Daszak|nombre6=P.| last7=Patz|nombre7=J. A.| date=2014|título=Roosting behaviour and habitat selection of Pteropus giganteus reveal potential links to Nipah virus epidemiology|publicación=[[Journal of Applied Ecology]]|volumen=51|número=2|páginas=376-387|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12212| pmid= 24778457| pmc=4000083}}</ref>
Obtenido de «https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropodidae»