Diferencia entre revisiones de «Universidad de Qarawiyyin»

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[[Archivo:Fes Mosquee El Qaraouiyyine.jpg|thumb|right|Interior de la Universidad y [[mezquita]].]]
La '''Universidad de Qarawiyyin''' o '''Al-Karaouine''' (en [[lengua árabe|árabe]] جامعة القرويين) es una [[universidad islámica]] y [[mezquita]] ubicada en la ciudad de [[Fez (Marruecos)|Fez]] ([[Marruecos]]). Esta institución fue fundada como '''[[madraza]] de Qarawiyyin''' en el año [[859]],<ref>Andrew Petersen:es "Dictionaryla ofuniversidad Islamicmás architecture, Routledge", 1996, ISBN 9780415060844, p. 87: Al Karaouine fue fundadaantigua en 859la comohistoria mezquita:del {{quote|The Qarawiyyin Mosquemundo, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.}}</ref><ref>James Fergusson: "Taliban: The Unknown Enemy", Da Capo Press, 2011, ISBN 9780306820335, p. 69: Al Karaouine fundada en 859 como madraza: {{quote|The oldest madrasah in the world, the Jami'at al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, has been operating benignly – and continuously – since it was established in 859.}}</ref><ref name="founding">{{cita libro |apellidos=Esposito |nombre=John |enlaceautor=John L. Esposito |coautores= |editor= |otros= |título=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |formato= |fechaacceso= |añoacceso= |mesacceso= |edición= |series= |fecha= |año=2003 |mes= |editorial=Oxford University Press |ubicación= |idioma= |isbn=0-1951-2559-2 |id= |capítulo= |urlcapítulo= |cita=|página=328 }}</ref> durante el reinado de la [[dinastía idrisida]], por dos mujeres [[Túnez|tunecinas]], entre ellas [[Fatima al-Fihri]], originarias de la ciudad de [[Qairawan]], que era por entonces la capital de Túnez. Las bellas residencias de los estudiantes todavía se hallan alrededor de la universidad y están siendo restauradas por el [[gobierno de Marruecos]].
 
A diferencia de una [[madraza]], la universidad de Al-Karaouine dispensa una educación general. considerada la [[Anexo:Universidades más antiguas|institución universitaria más antigua]] todavía en funcionamiento según el [[Libro Guiness]] de los [[récord]]s<ref>''The Guinness Book Of Records'', Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, p.242</ref>, la UNESCO<ref>UNESCO World Heritage Center,''The Medina of Fez'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170]</ref> y algunos expertos<ref name=oxford>The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "</ref>{{,}}<ref name="founding"> John Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-1951-2559-2), p. 328</ref>{{,}}<ref>''Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World'', Publisher: Marshall Cavendish, 2010 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8Zp_5IydPGgC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false] p.161</ref>{{,}}<ref>''Hidden Giants'', 2nd Edition, by Sethanne Howard, Publisher: Lulu.com 2008 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5yKGa8WLirkC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false] p.60</ref>{{,}}<ref>''Civilization: The West and the Rest'' by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - ISBN 9781846142734</ref>{{,}}<ref>''The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer'' by Mike Molesworth & Richard Scullion, Publisher: Taylor & Francis 2010 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u457urHK09YC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false] p.26</ref>{{,}}<ref>''Frommer's Morocco'' by Darren Humphrys, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons 2010 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OfcnGQxF42wC&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false] p.223</ref>, pero esto no es un consenso. Algunos historiadores, como Al-Jaznai<ref>Al-Jaznaï, Zahrat al-Âs, trad. por Alfred Bel, Publ. Faculté des lettres d’Alger, F59, 1923, p.7</ref> (siglo XIV) y [[Évariste Lévi-Provençal|Lévi-Provençal]]<ref>Évariste Lévi-Provençal, Les historiens des Chorfas suivi de La fondation de Fès, Maisonneuve, Paris, 2001.</ref> (siglo XX), indican que se convirtió en una universidad que en el siglo XIII.
La '''Universidad de Qarawiyyin''' o '''Al-Karaouine''' (en [[lengua árabe|árabe]] جامعة القرويين) es una universidad islámica y [[mezquita]] ubicada en la ciudad de [[Fez (Marruecos)|Fez]] ([[Marruecos]]). Esta institución fue fundada como '''[[madraza]] de Qarawiyyin''' en el año [[859]],<ref>Andrew Petersen: "Dictionary of Islamic architecture, Routledge", 1996, ISBN 9780415060844, p. 87: Al Karaouine fue fundada en 859 como mezquita: {{quote|The Qarawiyyin Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.}}</ref><ref>James Fergusson: "Taliban: The Unknown Enemy", Da Capo Press, 2011, ISBN 9780306820335, p. 69: Al Karaouine fundada en 859 como madraza: {{quote|The oldest madrasah in the world, the Jami'at al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, has been operating benignly – and continuously – since it was established in 859.}}</ref><ref name="founding">{{cita libro |apellidos=Esposito |nombre=John |enlaceautor=John L. Esposito |coautores= |editor= |otros= |título=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |formato= |fechaacceso= |añoacceso= |mesacceso= |edición= |series= |fecha= |año=2003 |mes= |editorial=Oxford University Press |ubicación= |idioma= |isbn=0-1951-2559-2 |id= |capítulo= |urlcapítulo= |cita=|página=328 }}</ref> durante el reinado de la [[dinastía idrisida]], por dos mujeres [[Túnez|tunecinas]], entre ellas [[Fatima al-Fihri]], originarias de la ciudad de [[Qairawan]], que era por entonces la capital de Túnez. Las bellas residencias de los estudiantes todavía se hallan alrededor de la universidad y están siendo restauradas por el [[gobierno de Marruecos]].
 
Es considerada – anacrónicamente – la institución universitaria más antigua todavía en funcionamiento por el [[Libro Guiness]] de los [[récord]]s,<ref>''The Guinness Book of Records'', 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, P.242 </ref> aunque en realidad la universidad está considerada por expertos como una institución europea clasica<ref>Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (eds.): ''The Heritage of European Universities'', Council of Europe, 2002, ISBN 92-871-4960-7, p. 119: {{quote|In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can justifiably claim as one of its own inventions, it is the university. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin.}}</ref><ref>Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp.&nbsp;XIX–XX: {{quote|The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes – variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities –, law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world. Even the name of the universitas, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a universitas litterarum, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.}}</ref><ref>George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", ''Studia Islamica'', No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): {{quote|Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.}}</ref> y la madraza de Qarawiyyin sólo se convertió en el año 1947, bajo la administración colonial francesa, en una [[universidad]] verdadera.<ref name="Shillington 2005, 1025">Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005, ISBN 1579582451, p.1025</ref>
 
== Referencias ==