Diferencia entre revisiones de «Universidad de Qarawiyyin»

Es considerada –anacrónicamente– la institución universitaria más antigua todavía en funcionamiento por el [[Libro Guiness]] de los [[Récord mundial|récord]]s,<ref>''The Guinness Book of Records'', 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, P.242 </ref> aunque en realidad la universidad está considerada por expertos como una institución europea clásica<ref>Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (eds.): ''The Heritage of European Universities'', Council of Europe, 2002, ISBN 92-871-4960-7, p. 119: {{quote|In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can justifiably claim as one of its own inventions, it is the university. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin.}}</ref><ref>Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp.&nbsp;XIX–XX: {{quote|The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes – variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities – law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world. Even the name of the universitas, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a universitas litterarum, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.}}</ref><ref>George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", ''Studia Islamica'', No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): {{quote|Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.}}</ref> y la madraza de Qarawiyyin solo se convirtió en el año 1947, bajo la administración colonial francesa, en una [[universidad]] verdadera.<ref name="Shillington 2005, 1025">Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005, ISBN 1579582451, p.1025</ref>