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La '''mezquita Kutubía''', '''Koutoubia''', '''Kutubiya''', '''Jami 'al-Kutubiyah''' o '''Kutubiyyin''' (en [[idioma árabe|árabe]] جامع الكتبية, yamie al kitbieti, ɟʝamje al kidβ̞jeti ([[Alfabeto Fonético Internacional|AFI]])) es una [[mezquita]], un edificio para el culto de la [[islam|religión islámica]], edificado en el [[siglo XII]] en la ciudad de [[Marrakech]] en [[Marruecos]], representativo del [[arte almohade]]. Es la mezquita más grande de Marrakech.
Se sitúa en el suroeste de la [[Medina de Marrakech]]<ref name=Arch>{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2575-Kutubiyya|title=Jami' al-Kutubiyya|accessdate=5 de octubre de 2012 |editorial=ArchNet}}</ref> y al suroeste de la [[plaza Jamaa el Fna]] al lado de la avenida Mohamed V. La mezquita está adornada con ventanas curvadas, una banda de taracea cerámica, [[merlón|merlones]] apuntados y arcos decorativos; tiene una gran plaza con jardines, y está iluminada con focos durante la noche.<ref name="Fodor 2007">{{cite book|last= Fodor |first= 's|title= Baedeker Morocco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP0WTQSGvzoC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=Koutoubia+Mosque&source=bl&ots=O7UvLuMiyE&sig=_C_zDiDhKtTu7Lf_VDy1modvf68&hl=en&sa=X&ei=piVvUKibNIPTiwKh5oC4Aw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Koutoubia%20Mosque&f=false|accessdate=5 de octubre de 2007|year=2007|publisher= Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=9781400017263}}</ref> La Kutubía destaca por su [[alminar]] de 66 m de altura (según otras fuentes 77 metros), el cual es el edificio más alto de la ciudad. Incluye una aguja y orbes. El minarete es el símbolo y punto de referencia de la ciudad y, sin duda, el monumento más representativo de la misma. Fue terminado en el reinado del [[califa]] [[almohade]] [[bereber]] [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] (de 1184 a 1199) y sirvió como modelo para la construcción de [[la Giralda]] de [[Sevilla]] ([[España]]) primero, y de la inacabada [[Torre Hasan]] de [[Rabat]] ([[Marruecos]]) después.<ref name="Clammer 2009">{{cite book|last= Clammer|first= Paul |title= Morocco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kkl5d8NRCOEC&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=Koutoubia+Mosque&source=bl&ots=yvHEx_WkUO&sig=z6Qq5Hs2jVGQz5-EFbrf2MCYv98&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iwxvULd4qY6IAqSZgKgP&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Koutoubia%20Mosque&f=false|accessdate=5 de octubre de 2012|year=2009|publisher= Lonely Planet |isbn=9781741049718|page= 299}}</ref><ref name="TimeOut 2007">{{cite book|last= Editors of Time Out |first= |title= Time Out Marrakech: Essaouira and the High Atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnPJ8_eOp4QC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Koutoubia+Mosque&source=bl&ots=nndIhR-JUZ&sig=1JsLid_tseJFkA1VYgMyc-nRJuc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=leduUKDWN-XGiwLomoGYBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Koutoubia%20Mosque&f=false|accessdate=5 de octubre de 2012|year=2007|publisher= Time Out Guides |isbn=9781846700194|page=69}}</ref><ref name="Humphrys 2010">{{cite book|last= Humphrys |first= Darren|title= Frommer's Morocco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QK6vvWTq8YC&pg=PT111&lpg=PT111&dq=Koutoubia+Mosque&source=bl&ots=Vbyy07IhON&sig=Lt0c6KO9LfO5frbwhTcumxn4p3M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iwxvULd4qY6IAqSZgKgP&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw|accessdate=5 de octubre de 2012|year=2010|publisher= John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470560228}}</ref><ref name="Lehmann 2012">{{cite book|last1= Lehmann |first1= Ingeborg |last2= Henss |first2= Rita |last3= Szerelmy |first3= Beate|last4= Nosbers |first4= Hedwig |last5= Zakrzewski |first5= Reinhard |title= Baedeker Morocco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX7zx5C1bf4C&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&dq=Koutoubia+Mosque&source=bl&ots=UsSYvnpVRu&sig=JCewEX0Zi9RDjdFIF41xzpf5piE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iwxvULd4qY6IAqSZgKgP&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Koutoubia%20Mosque&f=false |accessdate=5 de octubre de 2012|year=2012|publisher= Baedeker |isbn=9783829766234|pages= 292–293}}</ref>
El nombre de la mezquita, que literalmente quiere decir
El ilustre viajero musulmán [[Ibn Battuta]] la describe, en [[1352]] de la siguiente forma: {{cita|Hay grandiosas mezquitas, como su [[aljama]], la conocida por Kutubiyyin, que tiene un tremendo y colosal alminar, al que subí, mostrándoseme a la vista la totalidad de la población...}}
{{Multimedia|fichero=Llamada_a_oracion_desde_Kutubiya.ogg|título=Llamada a oración desde Kutubiya|descripción=Llamada a la oración desde el alminar de la mezquita Kutubiya.}}
==Geografía==
<!--[[File:MoroccoMarrakech DjemaaElFna..jpg|thumb|left|The Koutoubia Mosque is located by the [[Jemaa El Fna]] [[souq]].]]
The mosque is located about {{Convert|200|m}} west of the city’s the [[Jemaa El Fna]] [[souq]], a prominent market place which has existed since the city's establishment.<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/> It is situated on the Avenue Mohammed V, opposite Place de Foucauld. During [[France|French]] occupation, the network of roads was developed with the mosque as the central landmark, in the ''ville nouvelle''.<ref name=nytimes>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/africa/morocco/marrakesh/39727/koutoubia-mosque/attraction-detail.html|title=Koutoubia Mosque|accessdate=5 October 2012|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=5 October 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119002626/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/africa/morocco/marrakesh/39727/koutoubia-mosque/attraction-detail.html|archivedate=19 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To the west and south of the mosque is a notable rose garden, and across Avenue Houmman-el-Fetouaki is the small mausoleum of [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], the builder of Marrakesh, a simple crenellated structure.<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/> In the mosque's esplanade, which backs onto Jama el Fna, the ruins of the original mosque can be seen.<ref name=" Humphrys 2010"/> Koutoubia Mosque's minaret tower is a landmark of Marrakesh.<ref name="Gregg2007">{{cite book|last=Gregg|first=Gary S.|title=Culture and Identity in a Muslim Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwajxJo_DMAC&pg=PA62|accessdate=7 October 2012|date=15 February 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-531003-0|page=62}}</ref> All the names and spellings of Koutoubia Mosque, including Jami' al-Kutubiyah, Kotoubia, Kutubiya, and Kutubiyyin, are based on the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''koutoubiyyin'', which means "bookseller".<ref name="nytimes" /> The Koutoubia Mosque, or Bookseller's Mosque, reflects the honorable [[bookselling]] trade practiced in the nearby souk.<ref name="nytimes" /> At one time as many as 100 book vendors worked in the streets at the base of the mosque.<ref name="Clammer 2009"/><ref name="TimeOut 2007"/><ref name="Humphrys 2010"/>-->
==Historia==
<!--[[File:MoroccoMarrakech Koutoubia mosqueFromGarden1.jpg|thumb|Gardens flank the Koutoubia Mosque]]
[[File:ETH-BIB-Marrakech- La Koutoubia-Tschadseeflug 1930-31-LBS MH02-08-0300.tif|thumb|Photograph from 1930]]
The city of Marrakesh was captured by [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] after the death of the [[Almoravid]] leader [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in 1147.<ref name="Calmejane2009">{{cite book|last=Calmejane|first=Christian Beres|title=American Silhouettes: A Tale of Anguish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz8yZsV45vwC&pg=PA87|accessdate=7 October 2012|date=20 April 2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-5996-2|page=87}}</ref><ref name="Searight1999">{{cite book|last=Searight|first=Susan|title=Maverick Guide to Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4hmPoi_CJ4C&pg=PA398|accessdate=7 October 2012|date=1 November 1999|publisher=Pelican Publishing|isbn=978-1-56554-348-5|page=398}}</ref> The Almohads did not want any trace of religious monuments built by the Almoravids, their staunch enemies, as they considered them [[heretic]]s. Abd-al-Mu'min, who won the territory, was responsible for building the first Koutoubiya mosque on the grounds of the former palace of Ali ibn Yusuf in the southwest quarter of the medina. This first mosque was built between 1147 and 1154 and completed in 1157.<ref name=Arch/>
This initial mosque was rebuilt under the Almohad Caliph Yacoub El-Mansour, as it was realized halfway through construction that the [[mihrab]] (prayer [[niche (architecture)|niche]]) was misaligned and not oriented towards [[Mecca]],<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/> and underwent many changes until the end of the 12th century, when the Andalusians defeated the Almohad dynasty. The alignment problem was a minor issue, as devotees could always adjust the direction when offering prayers in the hall, but the decision was taken to build a new mosque alongside the first structure.<ref name="Lehmann 2012"/> The first mosque was completed while the second mosque was undergoing construction. The second mosque was built identical to the first except for its orientation. The layout, architectural designs, inscriptions, dimensions and materials used for construction were all the same.<ref name=Arch/> The minaret plan and design remained the same in both buildings.<ref name=Arch/> While in the first mosque, the orientation of the mihrab was 5 degrees out of alignment with respect to the direction towards Mecca, in the second mosque, the orientation was 10 degrees off, thus actually further out of alignment with Mecca than the first mosque.
Both these structures were built during the rule of [[Abd al-Mu'min]] (reign 1130–63). The second mosque was started after 1154 and the building was partially completed by September 1158, with the first prayers held in the mosque at that time. It was completed by the 1190s, though reported completion dates vary between 1162, 1190 and 1199. The first mosque eventually deteriorated. It is apparent that the second mosque was not built as an alternative to the first one, as the two mosques shared the same site for 30 years before the first mosque became derelict.<refnd created the building in a functional style rather than the more ornate [[Umayyad architecture]] style. Outside the plaza of the mosque, in a depression which in the 11th century contained remnants of the reservoir of Dar El Hajir (House of Stone), destroyed by the invading Almovids who then built the mosque on its site, are the ruins of an old fort built by Yusuf ibn Tashfin. Buildings were demolished within the enclosed fort area to make way for development of the city. The Koutoubia Mosque and tower constitute the oldest and most complete structure of the Almohad period. The mosque was followed by two other structures built on the same pattern, the Tour Hassan in Rabat and the Giralda in Seville, Spain. This structure thus became the forerunner of Moroccan-Andalusian architecture. Non-Muslims are not allowed inside the mosque; however, they are permitted to visit the [[Tin Mal Mosque]], built on the lines of Koutoubia Mosque.<ref name="Calmejane2009"/>-->
== La mezquita ==
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Diez años después se mandó construir una nueva mezquita, la actual, que estuvo terminada para el año [[1158]] y, con sus 17 naves que se extienden en un rectángulo de 60 m de largo por 90 de ancho, sería una de las mayores del mundo islámico. El patio central tiene dos pórticos con cuatro naves a cada lado.
<!--==Architecture==
The mosque is made of red stone, formerly plastered, and has six rooms in succession, one above the other. It was designed so as to prevent anyone gazing in from the minaret to the harems of the king. Even in the modern day, such restrictions are enforced by blocking [[Google Earth]] access to [[Moroccans]].<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/> Architectural details of the old mosque and the new mosque are identical except for the orientation. Hence, what is true of one holds true for the other, though the first mosque is now derelict.<ref name=Arch/> It is designed in a traditional Almohad style and the tower is adorned with copper globes.
===Exterior===
[[File:MoroccoMarrakech KoutoubiaMosqueTop.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Koutoubia Mosque grounds]]
The building, of [[brick]]s and [[sandstone]], measures {{Convert|80|m}} in width towards the east and {{Convert|60|m}} to the west along a north to south direction.<ref name=Arch/> Brick work is found in the columns, arcades, middle of the qibla wall, and niche of the mihrab. Sandstone is used for the external walls built in the southern, eastern and western directions. The stone wall on the northern side abutted the old Almoravid fortress wall. The surfaces are enlivened by simple designs. All window sections have horseshoe-shaped and multifoil arches, arranged within a rectangle. A diamond shape is formed in the upper part as result of overlapping arches in woven design. [[Faience]] strips are provided with bricks in turquoise colour projecting out of the wall, in smaller decorative forms. Austere [[Kufic|kufic script]] is also seen. The [[sahn]] or courtyard is {{Convert|45|m}} wide, the same width as the nine central naves. There is an ablution fountain at the center of the courtyard. There are four entrances to the mosque, of which three open directly into the prayer hall while one opens into the courtyard. There is also an additional public entrance to the sahn from the north wall, along the central axis. The front elevation faces the street where book shops were located, hence the name "Booksellers' Mosque". There are two other private entrances to the mosque, one for the [[imam]] on the left side of the mihrab and the other for the Prince to enter directly into the [[maqsura]].<ref name=Arch/>
===Interior===
There are six interior rooms, one above the other. Wrapping around them is a ramp which can be used by the [[muezzin]] to reach the balcony. The prayer hall is in a "T" shape. It is large, to the south, and abuts the courtyard at its northern end. The prayer hall is a [[hypostyle]] with more than 100 columns which support horseshoe-shaped arches along the parallel naves.<ref name=Arch/> The mihrab niche is on the qibla wall in the prayer hall along the widened central nave, for which entry is from the courtyard. There is a wide transverse nave that is aligned along the [[qibla]] wall at the south end of the prayer hall. Three wide central naves are aligned perpendicular to the hall to the north. The central naves are flanked by seven smaller parallel naves. In all, there are seventeen parallel naves. The longitudinal naves, about {{Convert|36|m}} in length, are six times the width of the large transverse nave. The extensions of these naves are from the four outermost naves on either side of the prayer hall annexes and the courtyard.<ref name=Arch/>
The ''[[minbar]]'' was designed by engineer al-Hajj Ya'ish of [[Málaga]]. It is carved in [[sandalwood]] and [[ebony]] with [[ivory]] and [[silver]] inlay work. It is regarded as “one of the unsurpassed creations of Islamic art.”<ref name=Arch/><ref name="Lehmann 2012"/> This structure is triangular in shape with the [[hypotenuse]] end provided with steps. It is {{Convert|3.5|m}} long, {{Convert|0.9|m}} wide, and {{Convert|3.9|m}} tall. It was made in a workshop in [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Cordoba]] in the 11th century at the orders of Ali ibn Yusuf, and is considered a masterpiece of Andalusian decorative crafts. On the triangular faces, there is a {{Convert|6|cm}} wide band of [[Koran|Koranic inscriptions]] in Kufi script on [[Dalbergia melanoxylon|blackwood]] and bone, with wooden [[marquetry]]. It was originally located in the first mosque and was later shifted to the second mosque where it remained until 1962, when it was moved to the [[El Badi Palace]].<ref name=Arch/>-->
== El alminar ==
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Una réplica del alminar existe en la [[Mezquita de Coquimbo|mezquita]] de la ciudad chilena de [[Coquimbo]].
<!--===Minaret===
[[File:Minaret de Marrakech.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The minaret tower, which dwarfs the nearby palm trees, includes a secondary tower, a dome, a spire of four orbs, and a flag pole]]
The minaret is designed in almohad style and was constructed of sandstone. It was originally covered with Marrakshi pink [[plaster]], but in the 1990s, experts opted to expose the original stone work and removed the plaster.<ref name="Clammer 2009"/> The minaret tower is {{Convert|77|m}} in height, including the spire, itself {{Convert|8|m}} tall. Each side of the square base is {{Convert|12.8|m}} in length. The minaret is visible from a distance of {{Convert|29|km}}. Its prominence makes it a landmark structure of Marrakesh, which is maintained by an ordinance prohibiting any high rise buildings (above the height of a palm tree) to be built around it.<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/> The [[muezzin]] calling the faithful for the ''[[adhan]]'' (prayer), is given from the four cardinal directions at the top of the minaret.<ref name="Clammer 2009"/>
Its design includes a high angular shaft with a smaller but identical superstructure resting on it, topped by a dome. Many features of the minaret are also included in other religious buildings in the country, such as a wide band of ceramic tiles, alternate pattern work on each side, and Moorish-styled [[scallop]]ed keystone [[arch]]es .<ref name=Arch/><ref name="Humphrys 2010"/><ref name=Sacred/> Decorative carvings envelop the arched fenestrations.<ref name=Arch/> Above four-fifths of its height, the minaret has stepped merlons capping the perimeter of the shaft, at which level there is an outdoor gallery approached by ramps. Each side of the tower is designed differently as the window openings are arranged at different heights, conforming to the ascending ramp inside the minaret.
==Referencias ==▼
* Guía Azul El mundo a tu aire. Ediciones Gaesa. Autores Enrique Férnandez y Mª Dolores Gijón. ISBN 84-8023-370-2▼
The minaret is topped by a spire. The spire includes gilded copper balls, decreasing in size towards the top, a traditional style of Morocco.<ref name=Sacred>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/morocco/Marrakech-koutoubia-mosque|title=Koutoubia Mosque, Marrakesh|accessdate=5 October 2012|publisher=Sacred Destinations}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There are multiple legends about the orbs. One such legend states that the globes were originally made of pure gold, and there were at one time only three of them, the fourth having been donated by the wife of Yaqub al-Mansur as penance for breaking her fast for three hours one day during [[Ramadan|Ramzān]]. She had her golden jewelry melted down to form the fourth globe.<ref name="TimeOut 2007"/><ref name=Sacred/> Another version of the legend is that the balls were originally made entirely of gold fashioned from the jewellery of the wife of [[Saadi dynasty|Saadian]] Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur.<ref name="Lehmann 2012"/> There is a flag pole next to the copper balls forming the spire, which is used for hoisting the religious green flag of the [[Prophet]], which the [[muezzin]] does every Friday and on religious occasions. The floodlit tower has pleasant views at night.
-->
==See also==
* [[History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes]]
▲==Referencias ==
▲* ''Guía Azul El mundo a tu aire''. Ediciones Gaesa. Autores Enrique Férnandez y Mª Dolores Gijón. ISBN 84-8023-370-2
;Notas
{{listaref}}
== Enlaces externos ==
{{commonscat|Koutoubia_Mosque|Mezquita Kutubía}}
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[[Categoría:Arte almohade]]
[[Categoría:Arquitectura de Marruecos del siglo XII]]
[[Categoría:Mezquitas del siglo XII|Kutubia]]
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