Imperio Karkota

El Imperio Karkota (c. 625-885) fue una dinastía cachemir que fue una potencia importante en el subcontinente indio durante los siglos VII y VIII.^[1] Fue fundada por Durlabhvardhana durante la vida de Jarsha Vardhana. La dinastía marcó el ascenso de Cachemira como un poder en el norte de la India.^[2] Avanti Varman ascendió al trono de Cachemira en 855, estableciendo la dinastía Utpala y terminando con el gobierno de la dinastía Karkota.^[3]

Karkoṭa Samarajya
Imperio Karkota

625-885

→

Máxima extensión del imperio Karkota (según el A Historical Atlas of South Asia de Joseph E. Schwartzberg)

Capital

Srinagar (625-724)
Parihaspore (724-760)
Srinagar (760-885)^{[cita requerida]}

Religión

Hinduismo
Budismo

Gobierno

Monarquía

Samrāṭ (emperador)

Durlabhvardhana

Durlabahaka

• 724-760

Lalitaditya

Período histórico

Classical India

• Establecido

625

• Disuelto

885

Hoy parte de

Afganistán

India

Pakistán

Bangladés

Lalitaditya Muktapida, el gobernante más fuerte de la dinastía, capturó partes de Asia Central, Afganistán y Punjab con la ayuda china.^[4] Según el Rajatarangini del historiador Kalhana, Lalitaditya fue capaz de extender el poder de Cachemira más allá de los límites normales de las montañas y aproximadamente en 740 infligió una derrota a Yashovarman, el rey de Kannauj. Kalhana acredita a Lalitaditya con la derrota de turcos, tibetanos, bhutias, kambojas y otros. Sin embargo, el relato de Kalhana de las conquistas de Lalitaditya es exagerado.^[5]^[6]^[7] Kalhana vivió alrededor de cuatro siglos después de Lalitaditya, y la imaginación popular parece haber adornado los logros de Lalitaditya durante ese período, como se desprende del hecho de que Kalhana acredita al rey poderes milagrosos, como ser capaz de producir agua en el desierto al golpear la arena con su espada.^[8] Por ejemplo, la afirmación de que Lalitaditya conquistó a los tibetanos parece estar basada en su participación en campañas de la dinastía Tang contra los tibetanos.^[9]

Los emperadores Karkota fueron principalmente hindúes.^[10] Construyeron espectaculares templos hindúes en su capital, Parihaspur.^[11]^[12] Sin embargo, también permitieron que el budismo floreciera en su gobierno. Estupas, chaityas y viharas se pueden encontrar en las ruinas de su capital. El templo del Sol de Martand, en el distrito de Anantnag, fue construido por Lalitaditya. Es el templo de Suria (Sol) más antiguo conocido en la India y también fue uno de los complejos de templos más grandes de la época.^[13]

Moneda del rey Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) de la dinastía Karkota, c. 763-770
Templo del Sol de Martand construido por Lalitaditya Muktapida.
Recreación del templo de J. Duguid, 1870-1873

Notas editar

↑ Life in India, Issue 1. Archivado desde el original el 16 de febrero de 2016. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2019.
↑ Kalhana (1147-1149); Rajatarangini.
↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 295. ISBN 978-8122-411-98-0.
↑ Wink, 2002, p. 243.
↑ Manohar Lal Kapur (1992). The history and culture of Kashmir. Anmol. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7041-619-7. «Thus we see that the conquests of Lalitaditya have been exaggerated by Kalhana much beyond the bounds of credibility.»
↑ Mohibbul Hasan (2005). Kashmīr Under the Sultāns. Aakar Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. «...Kalhana had two centuries earlier exaggerated the military exploits of his hero Lalitaditya...»
↑ Manabendu Banerjee (2004). Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar. p. 344. «Lalitaditya's alleged conquests over Uttarakurus and Strirajya are, according to Stain, purely mythological and so there is no need to trace historical elements in these conquests. While describing Lalitaditya's manifold victories Kalhana may be charged with occasional exaggeration and favouritism that were not unnatural for a court historian...»
↑ Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj. Abhinav. p. 95. OCLC 5782454. «And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or so that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers recorded by Kalhana.»
↑ Tansen Sen (2004). «Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region». Journal of Asian History 38 (2). pp. 141-142. JSTOR 41933381. «His diary, in addition to other contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources, will be employed to revise the exaggerated perception of Lalitāditya's military achievements. It will be argued that the success of a series of joint Kaśmīri-Tang campaigns against the Tibetans, rather than any unilateral military conquests by Lalitāditya, may have accounted for the local legends about Kaśmīri hegemony in the southern Hindukush-Pamir area. Such local legends, in turn, seem to have been used by Kalhaņa to characterize Lalitāditya as the conqueror of the Turks and Tibetans.»
↑ Kamlesh Moza. «Prominent Holy Places in Kashmir».
↑ Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time By Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer. pp. Ixx.
↑ India-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir By Kulwant Rai Gupta. p. 35.
↑ The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences.

Referencias editar

Wink, André (2002), Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World 1, BRILL, ISBN 9780391041738 .
Chadurah, Haidar Malik (1991), History of Kashmir, Bhavna Prakashan .
Hasan, Mohibbul (1959), Kashmir Under the Sultans, Aakar, ISBN 9788187879497 .

Enlaces externos editar

Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Imperio Karkota.

Datos: Q466433
Multimedia: Karkota Empire / Q466433

[1] Life in India, Issue 1. Archivado desde el original el 16 de febrero de 2016. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2019.

[2] Kalhana (1147-1149); Rajatarangini.

[Reign-3] Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 295. ISBN 978-8122-411-98-0.

[FOOTNOTEWink2002243-4] Wink, 2002, p. 243.

[5] Manohar Lal Kapur (1992). The history and culture of Kashmir. Anmol. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7041-619-7. «Thus we see that the conquests of Lalitaditya have been exaggerated by Kalhana much beyond the bounds of credibility.»

[6] Mohibbul Hasan (2005). Kashmīr Under the Sultāns. Aakar Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. «...Kalhana had two centuries earlier exaggerated the military exploits of his hero Lalitaditya...»

[7] Manabendu Banerjee (2004). Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar. p. 344. «Lalitaditya's alleged conquests over Uttarakurus and Strirajya are, according to Stain, purely mythological and so there is no need to trace historical elements in these conquests. While describing Lalitaditya's manifold victories Kalhana may be charged with occasional exaggeration and favouritism that were not unnatural for a court historian...»

[8] Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj. Abhinav. p. 95. OCLC 5782454. «And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or so that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers recorded by Kalhana.»

[9] Tansen Sen (2004). «Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region». Journal of Asian History 38 (2). pp. 141-142. JSTOR 41933381. «His diary, in addition to other contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources, will be employed to revise the exaggerated perception of Lalitāditya's military achievements. It will be argued that the success of a series of joint Kaśmīri-Tang campaigns against the Tibetans, rather than any unilateral military conquests by Lalitāditya, may have accounted for the local legends about Kaśmīri hegemony in the southern Hindukush-Pamir area. Such local legends, in turn, seem to have been used by Kalhaņa to characterize Lalitāditya as the conqueror of the Turks and Tibetans.»

[10] Kamlesh Moza. «Prominent Holy Places in Kashmir».

[11] Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time By Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer. pp. Ixx.

[12] India-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir By Kulwant Rai Gupta. p. 35.

[13] The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences.

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