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In the study that popularized impact theory, William Gamson studied 53 social movement organizations that were active between 1800 and 1945, and coded each one for attributes of success and certain other organizational characteristics. Gamson's criterion for success included "New Advantages," or the attainment of organizational goals, and "Acceptance," or being included in national discourse and political circles.

The Collective Goods Criterion is a methodology critical of Gamson's specific definition of success.​ Rather than limiting movement success to attainment of goals, it looks at any advancement in the general category of goods that the agitators demand as success. This has proven to be a more inclusive method, because many movements will increase the well-being of their constituents, only indirectly or in a different form.​​

In "How Social Movements Matter",​ Giugni recommends that in order to combat problems of causality, scholars should conduct studies with large sample sizes, that address a diversity of time periods and places, that examine with equal rigor movement successes and failures, and which control for other societal factors which affect the change being studied.

Major debates

Channels of protest

This extremely controversial debate is centered around the efficacy of more radical and disruptive tactics (including targeted violence, riots, or general disorder) as opposed to more mainstream tactics (such as marches, rallies, and political lobbying).

This issue is extremely complex because it seems to be extremely context-dependent. Gamson's original study​ found that disruption did usually lead to movement success; however, it was with certain qualifications. First, the results have to face the striking counterexample of labor unions, which were greatly weakened by violent strikes most of the time.​​ Furthermore, Gamson found that movements that had already achieved some viability were more likely to use violence. Thus, Gamson concluded that violence in movements is more of a result of strength than a cause of it. This is confirmed by other historical events, which show that violence generally give an advantage to the side that is already ahead, whether it is used by the movement,​​​ or by the state.​​ Nevertheless, the subject remains controversial, and continues to be denied by pluralists.​

Organizational vs. external influence

Scholars have also debated whether social movement organizations ultimately play a significant role in their victories, or whether success is more determined by outside factors. In Gamson's original study, he found that organizational factors play a crucial role.​ This has been confirmed by other studies;​ however, certain qualifications have been made. External support has been shown to have some influence, particularly when elite allies are combined with strong organization.​ This contradiction has inspired scholars to create political mediation theory.​​ Ultimately, it is hard to avoid a context-dependent answer to this controversy, and scholars are now encouraging an approach which synthesizes organizational influence with others.​

Types of impact

Social movements affect society in many ways. Below are the four most important.

Individual change

The psychology of the individuals who participate in movements are profoundly affected. Activists connect with others affiliated with their cause, causing new networks to form and shared values to be accentuated.​ They also undergo a process of empowerment, in which they become more apt for further activism.​​

Institutional change

Non-state institutions can also be targeted and changed by social movements, as is the case for any boycott or divestment campaign.​ Other movements can take place within the workplace itself, as with labor organizing or cooperative movements.​ Scholars have begun analysis of institution-specific campaigns, and have theorized that there are four institutional characteristics which make it vulnerable to change: 1) Rapid growth in terms of money or members, 2) diffuseness or decentralization of organization, 3) strength of links between clients and professionals, and 4) ties to the state.​

Cultural

Culture often becomes a target of social movements when their demands have to do with personal action. Such was the case with the feminist movement, in which organizations put a large amount of resources to books, magazines, art, and other channels of culture; this has been shown to contribute to the shift in family dynamics and institutional structures.​

Political

Political change is the most studied aspect of social movement impacts, and possibly the most hotly contested.​ Some have argued that because democratic governments are completely permeable to the public, social movements can only create inequality in representation;​ however, this view has been discredited.​​

See also

• Political opportunity

References

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