Wikipedia

Economía socialista

Una economía socialista comprende las teorías, prácticas y normas económicas de sistemas económicos socialistas hipotéticos y existentes.[1]​ Un sistema económico socialista se caracteriza por la propiedad y operación social de los medios de producción[2]​[3]​[4]​[5]​[6]​[7]​ que pueden tomar la forma de cooperativas autónomas o propiedad pública directa donde se lleva a cabo la producción directamente para su uso y no con fines de lucro.[8]​[9]​[10]​[11]​ Los sistemas socialistas que utilizan los mercados para asignar bienes de capital y factores de producción entre unidades económicas se denominan socialismo de mercado. Cuando se utiliza la planificación, el sistema económico se designa como economía planificada socialista. Las formas de socialismo no de mercado suelen incluir un sistema de contabilidad basado en el cálculo en especie para valorar recursos y bienes.[12]​[13]​

La economía socialista se ha asociado con diferentes escuelas de pensamiento económico. La economía marxista proporcionó una base para el socialismo basada en crítica de la economía política y el análisis del capitalismo;[14]​ mientras que la economía neoclásica y la economía evolutiva proporcionaron modelos integrales de socialismo.[15]​ Durante el siglo XX, las propuestas y modelos tanto para las economías de mercado socialistas planificadas como para las de mercado se basaron en gran medida en la economía neoclásica o en una síntesis de la economía neoclásica con la economía marxista o institucional.[16]​[17]​[18]​[19]​[20]​[21]​

Como término, economía socialista también puede aplicarse al análisis de sistemas económicos anteriores y existentes que se implementaron en estados socialistas, como en las obras del economista húngaro János Kornai.[22]​ El anarquista individualista estadounidense del siglo XIX Benjamin Tucker, que conectó la economía clásica de Adam Smith y los socialistas ricardianos, así como la de Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Karl Marx y Josiah Warren con el socialismo, sostuvo que había dos escuelas de pensamiento socialista, a saber el socialismo anarquista y el socialismo de Estado, sosteniendo que lo que tenían en común era la teoría del valor-trabajo.[23]​ Los socialistas no están de acuerdo sobre el grado en que es necesario el control social o la regulación de la economía; hasta qué punto debe intervenir la sociedad y si el gobierno, en particular el gobierno existente, es el vehículo correcto para el cambio son cuestiones de desacuerdo. [24]​ El objetivo de la economía socialista es neutralizar el capital o, en el caso del socialismo de mercado, someter la inversión y el capital a la planificación social.[25]​

Véase también

editar

Referencias

editar
  1. ↑ Lerner, A. P. (October 1938). «Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics». The Review of Economic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 6 (1): 71-75. doi:10.2307/2967541. 
  2. ↑ Sinclair, Upton (1918). Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. «Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'». 
  3. ↑ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 2. ISBN 978-0275968861. «Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.» 
  4. ↑ Rosser, J. Barkley Jr.; Rosser, Mariana V. (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0262182348. «Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.» 
  5. ↑ Nove, Alec (2008). «Socialism». The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. pp. 1-18. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. «A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.» 
  6. ↑ Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."
  7. ↑ Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. p. 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636. «Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.» 
  8. ↑ Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.
  9. ↑ Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0415919665. "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. [...] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. [...] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. [...] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. [...] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""
  10. ↑ Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. pp. 175-77. ISBN 978-0875484495. «Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.» 
  11. ↑ Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0804775663. «[S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.» 
  12. ↑ Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0415919665.
  13. ↑ Socialist Party of Great Britain. «Socialism and Calculation». World Socialist Movement. Archivado desde el original el 7 June 2011. Consultado el 15 February 2010.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  14. ↑ Veblein, Throstein (February 1907). «The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers». The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 21 (2): 299-322. doi:10.2307/1883435. 
  15. ↑ Roemer, John (1994). A Brief History of the Idea of Market Socialism. «A Future for Socialism». The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press). ISBN 978-0674339460. 
  16. ↑ Taylor, Fred M. (1929). «The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State». The American Economic Review 19 (1): 1-8. 
  17. ↑ Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in F. A. Hayek, ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN 978-0-7100-1506-8 pp. 245–90.
  18. ↑ F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN 978-1-56159-197-8, v. 1, p. 195.
  19. ↑ János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828776-6, p. 476.
  20. ↑ Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-0479-8, pp. 414–15.
  21. ↑ Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-93344-5, p. 170
  22. ↑ Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for download.
  23. ↑ Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN 978-1859731499.
  24. ↑ Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9780810855601.
  25. ↑ Schweickart, David (Spring 1992). «Economic Democracy: A Worthy Socialism That Would Really Work». Science & Society 56 (1): 9-38. Archivado desde el original el 11 January 2007. 

Lectura adicional

editar

Enlaces externos

editar
Obtenido de «https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economía_socialista&oldid=161436223»