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The '''siege of Burgos''' was a siege of the [[castle of Burgos]] in the [[Kingdom of Castile]] between 1475 and early 1476. It was part of the [[War of the Castilian Succession]].
== The siege ==
In August and September 1475 Queen [[Isabella I of Castille]] had strengthened garrisons near the city of Burgos while her husband [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] besieged the city's fortress.<ref name="Liss2015">{{cite book|author=Peggy K. Liss|title=Isabel the Queen: Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|date=10 November 2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-8122-9320-3|pages=110–111}}</ref> The fortress was armed with large [[Lombard (gun)|Lombard guns]] that bombarded the city, which had pledged to support Isabella.<ref name="Liss2004_2">{{cite book|author=Peggy K. Liss|title=Isabel the Queen: Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZt0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|date=20 December 2004|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1897-8|page=125}}</ref>
The queen's forces harassed King [[Afonso V of Portugal]] troops, and managed to cut their supply lines.<ref name="Tremlett2017">{{cite book|author=Giles Tremlett|title=Isabella of Castile: Europe's First Great Queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_uFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|date=9 February 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-5396-2|pages=134-135}}</ref> After learning that the road north from [[Peñafiel, Spain|Peñafiel]] was cut, the Portuguese turned back.<ref name="Liss2015" /> Consequently, the Portuguese retreated back to [[Toro, Zamora|Toro]] and moved to [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]] in October for the winter.<ref name="Liss2015" /> These actions prevented the Portuguese from relieving the besieged castle garrison.<ref name="Tremlett2017" />
By the end of November 1475, King Ferdinand's brother [[Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar|Alfonso of Aragon]] arrived with skilled [[Siege engineer|siege engineers]]. He had gained fame for capturing the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] castle of [[Amposta]].<ref name="Tremlett2017" /><ref name="Liss2015" />
King Ferdinand II could not be present when the Burgos garrison surrendered, as he held the [[Battle of Toro#Zamora: prelude to the Battle of Toro|siege of Zamora]] so important that his presence was required there.<ref name="Edwards2014">{{cite book|author=J. Edwards|title=Ferdinand and Isabella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnHJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-89345-5|page=17}}</ref> He left for Zamora in early December.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQxmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA101|year=1854|publisher=R. Bentley|page=101}}</ref> The city had fallen quickly, but the [[castle of Zamora]] was retained by the Portuguese. As the king had left, Queen Isabella was tasked with receiving the surrender of Burgos.<ref name="Edwards2014" />
The city's fortress surrendered after nine months. Tunnelers had cut off the water supply, and the [[garrison]] asked for surrender terms ten days later,<ref name="Tremlett2017" /> on 2 December 1475.<ref name="Liss2015" /> After a customary truce of two months, the besieging force was to take control of the fortress.<ref name="Tremlett2017" /><ref name="Liss2015" /> However, commander ([[alcaide]]) of the garrison [[Juan de Stúñiga]]<ref name="Liss2004_2" /> surrendered early on 19 January, and was commended for his valor before his dismissal by Isabella. This act made his father switch sides to Isabella.<ref name="Liss2015" /> [[Cardinal Mendoza]], usually part of Queen Isabella's retinue, had overseen the final negotiations, and by 2 February 1476 the queen could visit the fortress.<ref name="Tremlett2017" />
== Aftermath ==
The fall of Burgos was one of the first major victories against [[Joanna la Beltraneja]]. The city of Burgos was a necessary asset for controlling the [[Kingdom of Castile]].<ref name="Tremlett2017" /> The troops tasked with besieging Burgos were sent westward to join the action in [[Battle of Toro|Toro]] and Zamora.<ref name="Edwards2014" />
== Military history ==
The siege of Burgos was one of the last military engagements that saw the use of [[Trebuchet|trebuchets]], as [[gunpowder]] weaponry such as [[Cannon|cannons]] became increasingly common, and the siege is one of the last known references to their use.<ref name="Daumas1970">{{cite book|author=Maurice Daumas|title=A History of Technology & Invention: The first stages of mechanization|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftechnol01daum|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Crown Publishers|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoftechnol01daum/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref name="Hall1997">{{cite book|author=Bert S. Hall|title=Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyzcAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5531-3|page=21}}</ref> During the siege, [[Bombard (weapon)|bombards]] were used alongside trebuchets.<ref name="Crosby2002">{{cite book|author=Alfred W. Crosby|title=Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyFxldb2GJQC&pg=PA87|date=8 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79158-8|page=87}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[House of Zúñiga]], the garrison commander belonged to this noble lineage
* [[Siege of Burgos|Siege of Burgos (1812)]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{coord missing|Spain}}
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