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En el marco del [[hinduismo]], el '''iagñá''' (pronunciado|iaguiá|) es el [[ritual]] de [[sacrificio]] que se practica desde la [[época védica]] ([[I milenio a. C.]]).
 
[[Imagen:Hindu wedding ceremony fire.jpg|right|thumb|Un ''iagñá'' (sacrificio de fuego) en una boda hindú]]
 
En el [[hinduismo]], el '''iagña''' es el [[ritual]] de [[sacrificio]] que se practica desde la [[época védica]] ([[I milenio a. C.]]).
En inglés se escribe ''yajña'' (y se pronuncia llana: ''iaguia'').
 
Se realiza para satisfacer a los [[devá]]s o para obtener ciertos deseos (en los rituales ''kamia'').
Un elemento esencial en él es el llamado sacrificio de fuego (dedicado generalmente al dios del fuego [[Agní]]), ya que todo lo que se le ofrezca llegará a los devás.
 
== Significado ==
 
La palabra ''iagñaiagñá'' deriva del verbo [[sánscrito]] ''iash'', que significa:
*culto a las deidades ''(devá-pujana)'')
*unidad ''(sangatikaranasangati karana)'' y
*caridad ''(dana)''.
 
Un ''iagñá'' védico ''([[shrauta]])'' debe ser realizado generalmente por un sacerdote ''[[adhvaryu|adhuariu]]'' con un cierto número de sacerdotes adicionales, tales como el ''[[hotar|jotar]]'' y el ''[[udgatar]]'' que poseen una docena de ayudantes que recitan o cantan textos de los ''[[Vedás]]''.
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Generalmente hay uno o tres fogatas en el centro de la zona de sacrificio. En el fuego se vierten ofrendas.
A Vedic ([[Shrauta]]) ''iagñá'' is typically performed by an [Adhvaryu] priest, with a number of additional priests such as the [[Vedic priesthood|hotar]], [[udgatar]] playing a major role, next to their dozen helpers, by reciting or singing [[Vedic verses]]. Usually, there will be one or three fires in the centre of the offering ground and items are offered into the fire. Among the items offered as [[oblation]]s (Aahuti) in the [[Vedic]] ''iagñá'' include large quantities of [[ghee]], milk, grains, cakes, animal meat or [[Soma]]. The duration of a yajna depends on the type of yajna; some can last a few minutes, hours, or days, and some even last for years, with priests continuously offering to the gods accompanied with sacred verses. Some iagñás are performed privately, others with a large number of people in attendance. Post-Vedic iagñás, where milk products (ghee or yogurt), fruits, flowers, cloth, and money are offered, are called "[[yaga]]", ''[[homa]]'' or ''[[havan]]a''.
Entre los ítems de oblación ([[ahuti|ajuti]]) se incluyen grandes cantidades de [[ghee|gui]], leche, granos, tortas de harina, carne animal o [[jugo de soma|jugo de ''soma'']].
 
La duración de un iagñá depende de su tipo; algunos pueden durar minutos, horas o días, otros pueden durar años, mientras los sacerdotes realizan ofrendas a los dioses mientras se acompañan con versos sagrados.
A typical Hindu marriage, too, is a yajna, because the fire deity [[Agni]] is supposed to be the witness of all marriages. Brahmins and certain other castes receive a yajnopavita (sacred cord) at their [[Upanayanam|upanayana]] rite of passage. The yajnopavita symbolizes the right of the individual to study the Vedas and to carry out yagnas or [[homa]]s.
 
Algunos iagñás se realizan de manera privada, mientras que otros tienen un público de gran número de personas.
Temple worship is called agamic, while communication to divinity through the fire god, [[Agni]], is considered [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic]]. Today's temple rites are a combination of both [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] and Agamic rituals. The sacrificial division of Hindu scripture is the Karma-Kanda portion of the [[Vedas]] which describe or discuss most sacrifices.
Los iagñás posvédicos, donde se ofrece al fuego productos de la leche (como [[ghi|gui]] o [[yogur]]), frutas, flores, ropas y dinero, se llaman "[[yaga|iaga]]", ''[[homa|joma]]'' o ''[[javana]]''.
The [[Nambudiri]] Brahmins of [[Kerala]] are among the most famous [[Shrauta]] Brahmins who maintain these ancient rituals.
 
Un típico matrimonio hinduista también es un iagñá, porque se supone que el dios [[Agní]] debe ser testigo de todos los matrimonios.
Today, only a few hundred individuals know how to perform these sacrifices and even less are able to maintain the sacred fires continuously and perform the Shrauta rituals.<ref> F. Staal, Agni, Berkeley 1983, vol. II </ref> Only a few thousand perform the [[Agnihotra]] or basic Aupasana fire sacrifice daily.
 
Los [[bráhmanas]] y las castas superiores reciben un ''[[yajnopavita|iagñopavita]]'' (cordón sagrado) en su rito de iniciación ''[[upanaianam]]''.
==iagñás in the Vedas==
El ''iagñá upavitam'' simboliza el derecho de ese individuo a leer los ''[[Vedás]]'' y llevar a cabo ''iagñás'' o ''[[homa|jomas]]''.
There are 400 iagñás described in the Vedas. Of these, 21 are (theoretically) compulsory for the Twiceborn (Dvijas: Brahmin, [[kshatría]], vaishia). They are also called Nitya Karmas that are to be performed over a lifetime (The 21 complusory yajnas also form part of the 42 compulsory samaskaras or sacraments which are compulsory for all dvijas.) The rest of the yajnas are optional, which are performed as "Kamya Karma " i.e. for particular wishes and benefits. "Nitya" does not mean that all 21 rituals are to performed daily. Only the [[Agnihotra]] is to be performed twice daily, at dawn and dusk. The remaining ones have certain allotted frequencies over the course of the year. The more complicated the ''iagñá'', the lesser the frequency. The largest ones need to be performed only once in a lifetime. The first seven yajnas are called Paka iagñás, the second seven Havir iagñás, and the third seven are called Soma iagñás.
 
iagñás such as Putrakameshti (for begetting sons), Ashvamedha (to rule 'the earth'), Rajasuya (royal consecration), etc. are among the 400 which are not compulsory.
La adoración en el templo se llama [[agama|agámica]], mientras que la comunicación con los dioses mediante [[Agní]] (el dios del fuego), se considera [[vedismo|védica]].
En la actualidad, los ritos en el templo son una combinación de ambos.
La sección de las escrituras hindúes acerca de los sacrificios se denomina ''vedá karma kanda'' (‘sección sobre actividades, de los ''[[Vedás]]''’), la cual describe varios sacrificios para ofrecer oblaciones a los dioses a cambio de bendiciones materiales.
 
Los [[bráhmanas (casta)|brájmanas]] [[nambudiri]] del [[Estado de Kerala]] están entre los más famosos sacerdotes [[shrauta]] (seguidores de los rígidos rituales ''[[shruti]]'' que mantienen estos antiquísimos rituales.
 
En la actualidad, sólo unos pocos cientos de sacerdotes saben cómo realizar estos sacrificios e incluso menos son capaces de mantener estos fuegos sagrados continuamente y realizar los rituales shrauta.<ref> F. Staal: ''Agni'' (vol.&nbsp;II). Berkeley (EE.&nbsp;UU.), 1983.</ref>
Sólo unos pocos miles de sacerdotes realizan el sacrificio [[agnihotra|agní jotra]] o el sacrificio básico ''aupasana'' diariamente.
 
==Iagñás en los «Vedás»==
En los ''Vedás'' se describen unos 400 tipos de iagñá.
De estos, 21 son (teóricamente) obligatorios para los ''[[duiya]]s'' ([[nacido dos veces|nacidos dos veces]]): los [[bráhmana (casta)|''bráhmanas'' (sacerdotes), ''[[chatríia]]s'' (militares) y ''[[vaishia]] (agricultores y comerciantes).
También se llaman ''nitia karma'' porque son ‘actividades eternas’, que se deben realizar toda la vida. Los 21 iagñás obligatorios forman parte de los 42 ''[[samskara]]s'' (‘[[sacramentos]]’) que son obligatorios para todos los duiyas.
El resto de los iagñás son opcionales, que se realizan como ''kamia karma'' (‘actividades [rituales] para [satisfacer] deseos’).
 
Sólo el sacrificio de fuego ''[[agnihotra|agníjotra]]'' se debe realizar dos veces al día, al amanecer y al atardecer.
Los restantes sacrificios se realizan con diferentes frecuencias a lo largo del año.
Cuanto más complicado es el ''iagñá'', menos frecuencia.
Los más grandes sólo requieren ser realizados una vez al año.
Los primeros 7 iagñás se llaman ''paka iagñás'', los segundos 7 ''[[havir|javi]] iagñás'', y los últimos 7 ''[[soma]] iagñás''.
Entre los 400 sacrificios no obligatorios ''iagñás'' tales como
''putra kameshti'' (para tener hijos),
''ashva medha'' (‘sacrificio de caballo’ para reinar la Tierra»),
''raya suia'' (consagración del rey), etc.
 
==Aupasana==
 
El simple sacrificio básico de fuego ''aupasana'' debe ser ejecutado (en teoría) dos veces al día.
This is the basic simple fire sacrifice (in theory) that is to be performed at home twice daily.The Aupasana agni is lit at the time of the groom's wedding from his father's fire. The aupasana can be performed by all four varnas - chaturvarnas. It is also compulsory. However, it is not part of the 21 compulsory fire sacrifices, and is to be performed in addition to those.
El fuego ''aupasana agní'' se enciende en el momento del matrimonio, a partir del fuego de la casa del padre.
Los miembros de las cuatro castas (incluidos los esclavos y trabajadores ''[[shudrás]]'') deben realizar el fuego ''aupasana''.
 
Es obligatorio, aunque no forma parte de los 21 sacrificios obligatorios de fuego.
==The various sacred Agnis==
 
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==Varios agnís sagrados==
 
[[Image:Yajna1.jpg|right|320px|A Yagna being performed]]
 
The Aupasana AgniAgní lit at the time of the grooms wedding is then divided into two in a sacrifice called Agnyadhana.
One part becomes the GrhyagniGrhyAgní the other becomes the SrautagniSrautagní.
These two fires are to be preserved throughout the individual's life.
The son's fire is lit from the father's fire at the time of his wedding.
At the time of the individuals demise, cremation is done with the fires that have been preserved during his lifetime and then the deceased individual's fires are extinguished.
The GrhyagniGrhyagní or AupasanagniAupasanagní is used in the Paka iagñás; such rituals are described in the Grhyasutras, such as in the EkagniEkagní Kanda of the Apastambha Sutra.
Normally this fire is located in the centre or north of the hall which accommodates the sacred fires.
This fire may be circular or square.
 
The rituals pertaining to the three Srautagnís are described in the [[Shrauta]] Sutras.
The rituals pertaining to the three Srautagnis are described in the [[Shrauta]] Sutras. Their performers are called Srautin. Fourteen of the 21 compulsory sacrifices are performed in the Srautagnis. They are called Garhapatya, Ahavaniya and Dakshinagni and collectively called the tretagni. The Garhapatya is circular in shape and is situated in the west of the offering ground. Fire is taken from the Garhapatya and kindled in the remaining two fires. The Dakshinagni is semicircular (halfmoon-shaped), is situated in the south and is used for certain rituals, mainly for offerings to the forefathers. The Ahavaniya is square, situated in the east, and is used as the main offering fire of most Srauta sacrifices. The last three Havir Yagnas and all the seven Somayajnas are performed in a specially built iagñáshala.
Their performers are called Srautin.
Fourteen of the 21 compulsory sacrifices are performed in the Srautagnís.
They are called Garhapatya, Ahavaniya and Dakshinagní and collectively called the tretagní.
The Garhapatya is circular in shape and is situated in the west of the offering ground.
Fire is taken from the Garhapatya and kindled in the remaining two fires.
The Dakshinagní is semicircular (halfmoon-shaped), is situated in the south and is used for certain rituals, mainly for offerings to the forefathers.
The Ahavaniya is square, situated in the east, and is used as the main offering fire of most Srauta sacrifices.
The last three Havir Yagnas and all the seven ''soma iagñás'' are performed in a specially built ''iagñáshala'' (sala para sacrificios).
 
==Three kinds of iagñás==
 
In the category of [[nitya-karma]] there are 21 sacrifices, included in the forty [[saṃskāra]]s (mostly rites of passage), which are required to be performed at least once in a lifetime of a [[Dvija]].
These are divided into groups of seven -: ''paaka-yajnasiagñás'', ''havir-yajnasiagñás'', and ''soma-yajnasiagñás''.
 
===PakayajnasPaka iagñás===
 
''PakayajnasPaka iagñás'' are minor sacrifices and are performed at home in the aupasanagniaupasanagní or grhyagnigrhyagní.
These are seven in number.
They are Ashtaka, Sthalipaka, Parvana, Sravani, Agrahayani, Chaitri, Ashvayuji.
The sthalipaka is to be performed on every Prathama (first day of the lunar fortnight) "Sthali" is the pot in which rice is cooked; it must be placed on the aupasana fire and the rice called "Charu" cooked in it must be offered into the same fire.
The Parvana is to be performed every month.
The other five are to be performed once a year.
 
===HaviryajnasHavir iagñás===
 
The ''haviryajnashavir iagñás'' are more elaborate, though not as large in scale as the somayajnas.soma iagñás.
The haviryajnahavir iagñá performed on every Prathama day (every fifteen days)is "darsa-purna-isti", "darsa" meaning the new moon and "purna" the full moon.
The two rituals are also referred to merely as "isti".
The Darsapaurnamasa isti is the ''prakrti'' (archetype) for the haviryajnas.havir iagñás.
The first four haviryajnashavir -iagñás: adhana, [[agnihotra|agní jotra]], [[darsa-purna-masa]] and agrayana -: are performed at home. The last three haviryajnas - caturmasya, nirudhapasubandha and sautramani - are performed in a yajnasala.
Los últimos 3 ''javir iagñás'' (''[[chaturmasia]]'', ''nirudha pasubandha'' y ''sautramani'') se realizan en un ''iagñá shala'' (sala para iagñás).
 
TheEl Agnihotraagníhotra is to be performed twice daily at sunrise and sunset immediately after the aupasana.
The other five Havir yagnas are to be performed once a year, or at least once in a life time.
 
The last two havir yagnas have animal sacrifice as part of the ritual.
However nowadays packets of flour etc are used as symbolic substitutes.
 
===SomayajnasSoma iagñás===
 
The name ''somayajnasomaiagñá'' is called after the juice of the [[Soma]] plant, said to be ''relished by the devas'', that is offered as an oblation.
In these sacrifices, Samans are sung, and all [[Shrauta]] priests -: the hotar, adhvaryu, udgatar and the brahman as well as their 12 helpers take part: each priest is assisted by three others.
The AgnistomaAgnístoma, the first of the seven somayajnassomaiagñás is the ''prakrti'' (archetype) for the six others that are its ''vikrti''.
These six are: atyagnistomaatyagnístoma, uktya, sodasi, vajapeya, atiratra and aptoryama.
''Vajapeya'' is often regarded as particularly important.
When its yajamana (sacrificer) comes after the ritual bath (avabhrtha snana) at the conclusion of the sacrifice, the king himself holds up a white umbrella for him.
"Vaja" means 'prize of a race' (but is nowadays also taken as rice, food) and "peya" means a drink, thus 'drink of victory'.
This sacrifice consists of the offering of soma-rasa (juice), pasu-homa (offering of 23 animals) and anna- or vaja-homa.
The sacrificer is "bathed" in the rice that is left over.
Since the rice is "poured over" him like water, the term "vajapeya" is apt.
 
Animal sacrifices are part of the ritual offerings in the soma yagnas.
However, nowadays as and when they are rarely performed, substitutes made of flour etc are used instead of sacrificing live animals.
[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part19/chap6.htm]
 
==Pancha Mahayajnasmajá iagñás==
 
Hindu tradition has the ''Pancha MahayajnasMahaiagñás'' ("Five Great iagñás", [[Taittiriya]] [[Aranyaka]] 2.10) namely:
 
*DevayajnaDevaiagñá- consists of offering ''ahutis'' to ''devas''
*PitryajnaPitriagñá- consists of offering [[libation]]s to ancestors or pitrs
*BhutayajnaBhutaiagñá- consists of offering ''bali'' or food to all (departed) creatures
*ManushyayajnaManushyaiagñá- consists of feeding guests
*BrahmayajnaBrahmaiagñá- consists of reciting of bráhman, i.e.por theejemplo stanzaslos ofversos de thelos ''[[VedasVedás]],'' namely(el ''[[Rig Vedá]]'', ''[[Iáyur Vedá]]'', ''[[Sama Vedá|Sama]]'' y ''[[Átharva Vedá]]'').
 
==Other iagñás==
===Jyotistoma===
This yajnaiagñá is meant for the elevation of the yajamana to heaven, the [[loka]]s of the gods (e.g.
Indraloka.this is also called agnistomeagnístome yajya)
 
====Pitrloka iagñá====
This yajnaiagñá is for obtaining the world of the ancestors and Yama.
 
====Panchagni iagñá====
====Panchagní iagñá====
This sacrifice is addressed in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]]. It enables one to achieve Brahmaloka.
This sacrifice is addressed in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]].
It enables one to achieve Brahmaloka.
 
===Dravyamayar iagñá===
This is where people open [[ashram]]s for who are in need of them.
{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
This is where people open [[ashram]]s for who are in need of them. The five types of ashrams are: dharma-shala, anna-kshetra, atithi-shala, anaathaalya, visya-pitha.
 
===Tapomaya iagñá===
====CandrayanaChandraiana and CaturmaasyaChaturmaasia====
These are several vows for conducting life according to certain rigid rules For example, a sacrificer does not shave for four months during year (usually in the July-October time period.) Other examples are that he does not eat certain foods, or does not eat twice a day, or does not leave home (Caturmaasya.)
[[Image:Hindu wedding ceremony fire.jpg|right|thumb|A ''iagñá'' during a [[Hindu wedding]]]]
 
===Svadhyaya iagñá===
This sacrifice is engaging in studying of the VedasVedás (Hindu scripture.)
 
===Prasastekarmani iagñá===
This sacrifices means carrying out one's duties.
Whatever [[varnas|varna]] is in one's nature, if one carries out the person is performing this sacrifice.
 
===Harer namanukirtanan iagñá===
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===Maha Sapta Yagam===
Mahasaptayagam is a Homa cognized by enlightened master Paramahamsa Nithyananda.
It includes seven homas for the guiding energies of the seven chakras of the body.
Lord Ganesha, Lord Subramanya, Lord Surya, Lord Venkateshwara, Devi, Lord Anandeshwara and Guru are the presiding energies of the respective seven chakras – Mooladhara, Swadhisthana, Manipuraka, Anahata, Vishuddhi, Ajna & Sahasrara.
-->
 
===Creencias actuales acerca de los efectos del iagñá===
===Current Beliefs about the "Scientific" Aspects of Yagna===
 
Los efectos de los ''iagñás'' incluyen el tratamiento de varias enfermedades y la limpieza de la contaminación atmosférica.
The effects of Yagna include treatment of various diseases and the removal of atmospheric pollution. Another prominent effect is parjanya (sublime showers of vital energy and spiritual strength from the upper cosmic planes).
 
Otro efecto principal de los ''iagñás'' es ''[[parjanya|paryania]]'' (‘lluvia’), que actualmente —dado su fracaso completo en aumentar la cantidad de la lluvia) en la actualidad se traduce como ‘derramamiento sublime de energía vital y fuerza espiritual desde los planos cósmicos superiores’.
The four Vedas signify the philosophy of the eternity and complementarity of Gayatri and Yagna in the divine creations. The Atharvaveda deals with the sound therapy aspects of Mantras. They can be used for the treatment of the ailing human system at the physical, psychological and spiritual levels. The Samaveda focuses on the musical chanting patterns of Mantras, and the subtle form of Yagna. It defines Yagna as the process of mental oblation on the surface of internal emotions, through the cosmic radiations of the omnipresent subtle energy of sound. The ''[[Iáyur Vedá]]'' contains the principles and the methods of performing Yagnas as a part of the spiritual and scientific experiments for global welfare.
 
<!--
The four Vedás signify the philosophy of the eternity and complementarity of Gayatri and Yagna in the divine creations.
The Atharvavedá deals with the sound therapy aspects of Mantras.
They can be used for the treatment of the ailing human system at the physical, psychological and spiritual levels.
The Samavedá focuses on the musical chanting patterns of Mantras, and the subtle form of Yagna.
It defines Yagna as the process of mental oblation on the surface of internal emotions, through the cosmic radiations of the omnipresent subtle energy of sound.
The ''[[Iáyur Vedá]]'' contains the principles and the methods of performing Yagnas as a part of the spiritual and scientific experiments for global welfare.
 
[[Image:Samuhik Yagya.jpg|thumb|A ''samuhik iagñá'']]
 
Experimental studies have shown that Yagna or agnihotraagníhotra creates a pure, hygienic, nutritional and healing atmosphere.
Researchers from the field of microbiology have observed that the medicinal fumes emanating from the process of agnihotraagníhotra are bacteriostatic in nature, i.e.
they eradicate bacteria and micro-organisms, which are the root causes of illness and diseases.
The following quotes by renowned scientists are noteworthy:
 
*“Burning sugar and its smoke has a significant effect in purifying the atmosphere.
It kills the germs of T.B., measles, smallpox and cow-pox” – remarks Prof.
Tilward.
*A Russian Scientist named Dr.
Shirowich mentions – “if cow’s ghee is put into the fire, its smoke will lessen the effect of atomic radiation to a great extent”.
 
The following example further illustrates the scientific benefits of Yagna.
 
Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh, India) Gas Tragedy and AgnihotraAgníhotra
The tragic incident occurred on the night of December 3, 1984 when the poisonous MIC gas leaked from Union Carbide factory at Bhopal.
Hundreds of people died and thousands were hospitalized, but there were two families – those of Shri Sohan Lal S. Khushwaha and Shri M. L. Rathore, living about one mile away from the plant, who came out unscathed.
These families were regularly performing agnihotraagníhotra (havan).
In these families nobody died, nobody was even hospitalized despite being present in the area worst affected by the leakage of the toxic gas.
This observation implies that agnihotraagníhotra is a proven antidote to pollution (English Daily – “The Hindu” of 4th May 1985; news item under the heading ‘Vedic Way to Beat Pollution’.)
 
-->
 
==Notas==
== Véase también ==
*[[Iayur vedá|Iáyur Vedá]]
*[[Ashvamedha]]
*[[Áshram]]
 
== Referencias ==
{{listaref}}
*[[Anna Dallapiccola|Dallapiccola, Anna]]: ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend''. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
 
==Bibliografía==
== Enlaces externos ==
 
*[[Anna Dallapiccola|Dallapiccola, Anna]]: ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend''.
ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
 
==Enlaces externos==
*[http://www.vedic-yagya.com/introyagya.html Vedic-Yagya.com] (''iagñá'' védico).
*[http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Yajna Hindupedia] («Yagna», en la ''Hindu Encyclopedia'').
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[[Categoría:Conceptos hindúes]]
[[Categoría:Sacrificio]]
[[Categoría:Rituales]]
[[Categoría:Ritos]]
 
[[bg:Яджна]]
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