Listas de partidos satélites árabes en Israel

Las listas de satélites árabes, también conocidas como listas árabes o los partidos satélites, eran partidos árabes israelíes formados con el propósito de apoyar electoralmente a Mapai (y más tarde al Partido Laborista), Mapam y los Sionistas Generales entre 1948 y mediados de la década de 1970.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Entre las elecciones de 1949 y las elecciones de 1969, la mayor parte del voto árabe israelí se dividió entre los partidos comunistas Maki y Rakah (una escisión dominada por los árabes de Maki en 1965, reconocida por la Unión Soviética como el partido comunista oficial) y las listas satélite árabe.^[2] Según la académica israelí Rebecca Kook, Maki y Rakah fueron considerados los únicos partidos que realmente representaban los intereses árabes hasta que la Lista Progresista por la Paz ganó dos escaños en las elecciones de 1984 .^[2]

Cartel electoral de Mapai, instando a los árabes a votar por sus listas aliadas. El lema principal dice "Hacia un futuro garantizado con las listas árabes, aliadas con Mapai".

La existencia de las listas árabes se debió en parte a que a los árabes se les prohibió ser miembros de Mapai hasta 1973.^[5] A diferencia de los partidos políticos normales, estas listas no estaban activas entre elecciones.^[6] La mayoría de las listas sobrevivieron a más de un término, y todas estaban subordinadas a las políticas de su patrón Mapai.^[3]

Según Ilana Kaufman, las listas árabes; "no eran partidos propiamente dichos sino arreglos electorales ad hoc para la elección de árabes a la Knesset".^[7] Majid Al Haj escribe que el objeto de las listas "no era la movilización política de las poblaciones árabes sino la captura de votos árabes".^[8]

El Partido Laborista retiró su apoyo de su última lista satélite, la Lista Árabe Unida, antes de las elecciones de 1981. La Alineación, una alianza del Partido Laborista y Mapam, vio triplicada su participación en el voto árabe en las elecciones,^[9] mientras que la Lista Árabe Unida no logró cruzar el umbral electoral. El Partido Democrático Árabe, establecido en 1988 como una escisión del Partido Laborista, tomó efectivamente su lugar en la esfera política.^[10]

Todas las listas de satélites árabes

Nombre	Fecha		Elecciones	Partido Apoyado
Nombre	Creación	Disolución	Elecciones	Partido Apoyado
Bloque Árabe Popular	1949	1949	1949	Mapam
Lista Democrática de Nazaret	1949	1951	1949	Mapai
Lista Árabe – El Centro	1955	1955	1955	Sionistas Generales
Lista Democrática de los Árabes Israelíes	1951	1959	1951, 1955	Mapai
Facción Independiente de los Árabes Israelíes	1959	1959	1959	Mapai
Agricultura y Desarrollo	1951	1961	1951, 1955, 1959	Mapai
Progreso y Trabajo	1951	1961	1951, 1955, 1959, 1961	Mapai
Cooperación y Desarrollo	1966	1967	No participó en ninguna	Mapai
Hermandad judío-árabe	1968	1969	No participó en ninguna	Partido Laborista
Cooperación y Fraternidad	1959	1973	1959, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973	Mapai, Partido Laborista
Progreso y Desarrollo	1959	1977	1959, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973	Mapai, Partido Laborista
Lista árabe para beduinos y aldeanos	1973	1977	1973	Partido Laborista
Movimiento Árabe Reformista	1977	1977	1977	Ratz
Lista Árabe Unida	1977	1981	1977, 1981	Partido Laborista

Referencias

↑ Uzi Rebhun & Chaim Isaac Waxman (2004) Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns, University Press of New England, p356
"gradual decline in the electoral power of the Satellite lists, (i.e., smaller parties that align with a large party to form a bloc) until their final demise in the elections of 1984. The votes that had previously been given to those parties went either to Zionist parties or to the Communist Party and the newly formed Arab national parties."
↑ ^a ^b ^c Rebecca Kook: "For the first seven rounds of elections. most of the Arab votes were distributed amongst the Israeli Communist party (Maki later to become Rakach. later to become Hadash) and various Mapai and Mapam satellite lists. These were lists formed by the two main labor movement parties headed by Arab candidates. They were for all intents and purposes, however, extensions of the leading parties in terms of positions and coalition alignment. They are commonly described as satellite lists because of the patronage relationship between them and Mapai. The Israel Communist party, however, was long considered the only party to truly represent Arab interests until the appearance of the Progressive List for Peace (PLP) in 1984."; in Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom, edited by Michael N. Barnett, p.214
↑ ^a ^b As'ad Ghanem: "Most of the lists were established by Mapai under Ben-Gurion... Most of them served more than one term and all were subservient to the leaders of Mapai".The Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel, 1948-2000: A Political Study, As'ad Ghanem, p.41
↑ Israel at the Crossroads, edited by Efraim Karsh, Gregory S. Mahler, p.157
↑ Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State: Identities in Conflict, Nadim N. Rouhana, p.96
↑ Rael Jean Isaac, "The Mapai-affiliated lists were not active between elections but were ad hoc organizations formed on the eve of elections to assure the election of specific leaders."; in Party and Politics in Israel: Three Visions of a Jewish State, p.173, Addison-Wesley Longman Limited, 1981
↑ Ilana Kaufman: "The Arab lists, as their name indicates, were not proper parties but ad hoc electoral arrangements for the election of Arabs to the Knesset."; in Arab National Communism in the Jewish State, p.82
↑ Majid Al Haj: "Until the late 1960s, Arab-alliliated Knesset lists were one of the most efficient instruments for channeling Arab votes. These satellite lists were initiated and backed by Zionist parties, mainly Mapai-Labour, which was the principal political force until 1977. The object of these lists was not the political mobilization of the Arab populations but rather the capture of Arab votes."; in Immigration and Ethnic Formation in a Deeply Divided Society, p.64
↑ Bernard Reich & David H Goldberg (2008) Historical Dictionary of Israel, p. 45
↑ Ghanem, p. 42

Datos: Q18205025

[1] Uzi Rebhun & Chaim Isaac Waxman (2004) Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns, University Press of New England, p356
"gradual decline in the electoral power of the Satellite lists, (i.e., smaller parties that align with a large party to form a bloc) until their final demise in the elections of 1984. The votes that had previously been given to those parties went either to Zionist parties or to the Communist Party and the newly formed Arab national parties."

[Kook-2] Rebecca Kook: "For the first seven rounds of elections. most of the Arab votes were distributed amongst the Israeli Communist party (Maki later to become Rakach. later to become Hadash) and various Mapai and Mapam satellite lists. These were lists formed by the two main labor movement parties headed by Arab candidates. They were for all intents and purposes, however, extensions of the leading parties in terms of positions and coalition alignment. They are commonly described as satellite lists because of the patronage relationship between them and Mapai. The Israel Communist party, however, was long considered the only party to truly represent Arab interests until the appearance of the Progressive List for Peace (PLP) in 1984."; in Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom, edited by Michael N. Barnett, p.214

[AG-3] As'ad Ghanem: "Most of the lists were established by Mapai under Ben-Gurion... Most of them served more than one term and all were subservient to the leaders of Mapai".The Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel, 1948-2000: A Political Study, As'ad Ghanem, p.41

[4] Israel at the Crossroads, edited by Efraim Karsh, Gregory S. Mahler, p.157

[5] Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State: Identities in Conflict, Nadim N. Rouhana, p.96

[6] Rael Jean Isaac, "The Mapai-affiliated lists were not active between elections but were ad hoc organizations formed on the eve of elections to assure the election of specific leaders."; in Party and Politics in Israel: Three Visions of a Jewish State, p.173, Addison-Wesley Longman Limited, 1981

[7] Ilana Kaufman: "The Arab lists, as their name indicates, were not proper parties but ad hoc electoral arrangements for the election of Arabs to the Knesset."; in Arab National Communism in the Jewish State, p.82

[8] Majid Al Haj: "Until the late 1960s, Arab-alliliated Knesset lists were one of the most efficient instruments for channeling Arab votes. These satellite lists were initiated and backed by Zionist parties, mainly Mapai-Labour, which was the principal political force until 1977. The object of these lists was not the political mobilization of the Arab populations but rather the capture of Arab votes."; in Immigration and Ethnic Formation in a Deeply Divided Society, p.64

[9] Bernard Reich & David H Goldberg (2008) Historical Dictionary of Israel, p. 45

[10] Ghanem, p. 42

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]